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      Current state of the art in the use of augmented reality in dentistry: a systematic review of the literature

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          Abstract

          Background

          The aim of the present systematic review was to screen the literature and to describe current applications of augmented reality.

          Materials and methods

          The protocol design was structured according to PRISMA-P guidelines and registered in PROSPERO. A review of the following databases was carried out: Medline, Ovid, Embase, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar and the Gray literature. Data was extracted, summarized and collected for qualitative analysis and evaluated for individual risk of bias (R.O.B.) assessment, by two independent examiners. Collected data included: year of publishing, journal with reviewing system and impact factor, study design, sample size, target of the study, hardware(s) and software(s) used or custom developed, primary outcomes, field of interest and quantification of the displacement error and timing measurements, when available. Qualitative evidence synthesis refers to SPIDER.

          Results

          From a primary research of 17,652 articles, 33 were considered in the review for qualitative synthesis. 16 among selected articles were eligible for quantitative synthesis of heterogenous data, 12 out of 13 judged the precision at least as acceptable, while 3 out of 6 described an increase in operation timing of about 1 h. 60% ( n = 20) of selected studies refers to a camera-display augmented reality system while 21% ( n = 7) refers to a head-mounted system. The software proposed in the articles were self-developed by 7 authors while the majority proposed commercially available ones. The applications proposed for augmented reality are: Oral and maxillo-facial surgery (OMS) in 21 studies, restorative dentistry in 5 studies, educational purposes in 4 studies and orthodontics in 1 study. The majority of the studies were carried on phantoms (51%) and those on patients were 11 (33%).

          Conclusions

          On the base of literature the current development is still insufficient for full validation process, however independent sources of customized software for augmented reality seems promising to help routinely procedures, complicate or specific interventions, education and learning. Oral and maxillofacial area is predominant, the results in precision are promising, while timing is still very controversial since some authors describe longer preparation time when using augmented reality up to 60 min while others describe a reduced operating time of 50/100%.

          Trial registration

          The following systematic review was registered in PROSPERO with RN: CRD42019120058.

          Related collections

          Most cited references38

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          Augmented and virtual reality in dental medicine: A systematic review

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            Effectiveness of Immersive Virtual Reality in Surgical Training—A Randomized Control Trial

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              Augmented reality as an aid in maxillofacial surgery: validation of a wearable system allowing maxillary repositioning.

              We present a newly designed, localiser-free, head-mounted system featuring augmented reality as an aid to maxillofacial bone surgery, and assess the potential utility of the device by conducting a feasibility study and validation.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                +39 333 3473979 , marcofarronato@msn.com
                cinzia.maspero@gmail.com
                valentina.lanteri@unimi.it
                andreas.fama@hotmail.it
                francesco.ferrati@unipd.it
                alessandro.pettenuzzo96@gmail.com
                davide@farronato.it
                Journal
                BMC Oral Health
                BMC Oral Health
                BMC Oral Health
                BioMed Central (London )
                1472-6831
                8 July 2019
                8 July 2019
                2019
                : 19
                : 135
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1757 2822, GRID grid.4708.b, Department of Orthodontics, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, , University of Milan, ; via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, MI Italy
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1757 3470, GRID grid.5608.b, Department of Industrial Engineering, , University of Padova, ; via Venezia 1, 35131 Padua, Italy
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1757 2822, GRID grid.4708.b, Department of Informatics and Computational Sciences, , University of Milan, ; Milano, Italy
                [4 ]ISNI 0000000121724807, GRID grid.18147.3b, School of Medicine and Surgery, , University of Insubria, ; Via G. Piatti 10, 21100 Varese, Italy
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-9873
                Article
                808
                10.1186/s12903-019-0808-3
                6613250
                31286904
                f2174783-6329-4ba2-95d7-d17efe68b76e
                © The Author(s). 2019

                Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 2 April 2019
                : 31 May 2019
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Dentistry
                augmented reality,virtual reality,digital dentistry,orthodontics,maxillofacial surgery,implantology,systematic review,education,dental training

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