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      Universality and Normativity of the Attachment Theory in Non-Western Psychiatric and Non-Psychiatric Samples: Multiple Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)

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          Abstract

          This study tests for the first time the validity of universality and normativity assumptions related to the attachment theory in a non-Western culture, using a novel design including psychiatric and non-psychiatric samples as part of a comprehensive exploratory and advanced confirmatory framework. Three attachment assessments were distributed to 212 psychiatric outpatients and 300 non-psychiatric samples in Yemen. The results of the fourteen approaches of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) produce a similar result and assertion that the psychiatric outpatients tend to explore attachment outcomes based on multi-methods, while the non-psychiatric samples suggest an attachment orientation based on multi-traits (self–other). The multiple group-confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA) demonstrates that the multi-method model fits the psychiatric samples better than the non-psychiatric samples. Equally, the MG-CFA suggests that the multi-traits model also fits the psychiatric samples better than the non-psychiatric samples. Implications of the results are discussed.

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          Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives

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            Using Mutivariate Statistics

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              Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Int J Environ Res Public Health
                ijerph
                International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
                MDPI
                1661-7827
                1660-4601
                27 May 2021
                June 2021
                : 18
                : 11
                : 5770
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Psychology and Counseling, Taiz University (TU), Taiz 6803, Yemen; naser.abdulhafeeth@ 123456lms.mediu.edu.my
                [2 ]Department of Foundations of Education, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Selangor 43400, Malaysia; sahartaresh@ 123456yahoo.com
                [3 ]Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Selangor 53100, Malaysia; msahari@ 123456iium.edu.my
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: samsilah@ 123456upm.edu.my ; Tel.: +603-97-69-8210
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1795-1606
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6541-0110
                Article
                ijerph-18-05770
                10.3390/ijerph18115770
                8198184
                34072158
                f21c3a06-0f76-4f51-a896-b8b5f0c2ce27
                © 2021 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 12 April 2021
                : 18 May 2021
                Categories
                Article

                Public health
                attachment orientations,attachment psychosis,multiple group cfa
                Public health
                attachment orientations, attachment psychosis, multiple group cfa

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