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      Probe molecule (PrM) approach in adverse outcome pathway (AOP) based high-throughput screening (HTS): in vivo discovery for developing in vitro target methods.

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          Abstract

          Efficient and accurate adverse outcome pathway (AOP) based high-throughput screening (HTS) methods use a systems biology based approach to computationally model in vitro cellular and molecular data for rapid chemical prioritization; however, not all HTS assays are grounded by relevant in vivo exposure data. The challenge is to develop HTS assays with unambiguous quantitative links between in vitro responses and corresponding in vivo effects, which is complicated by metabolically insufficient systems, in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE), cross-species comparisons, and other inherent issues correlating IVIVE findings. This article introduces the concept of ultrasensitive gas phase probe molecules (PrMs) to help bridge the current HTS assay IVIVE gap. The PrM concept assesses metabolic pathways that have already been well-defined from intact human or mammalian models. Specifically, the idea is to introduce a gas phase probe molecule into a system, observe normal steady state, add chemicals of interest, and quantitatively measure (from headspace gas) effects on PrM metabolism that can be directly linked back to a well-defined and corresponding in vivo effect. As an example, we developed the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and differential equations to estimate methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) metabolism to tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA) via cytochrome (CYP) 2A6 in the liver from human empirical data. Because MTBE metabolic pathways are well characterized from in vivo data, we can use it as a PrM to explore direct and indirect chemical effects on CYP pathways. The PrM concept could be easily applied to in vitro and alternative models of disease and phenotype, and even test for volatile chemicals while avoiding liquid handling robotics. Furthermore, a PrM can be designed for any chemical with known empirical human exposure data and used to assess chemicals for which no information exists. Herein, we propose an elegant gas phase probe molecule-based approach to in vitro toxicity testing.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Chem. Res. Toxicol.
          Chemical research in toxicology
          American Chemical Society (ACS)
          1520-5010
          0893-228X
          Apr 20 2015
          : 28
          : 4
          Affiliations
          [1 ] †ORISE Participant, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States.
          [2 ] ‡Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL/ORD, US EPA, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.
          [3 ] §Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, NERL/ORD, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States.
          Article
          10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00024
          25692543
          f21d2d9e-c4df-48f5-942a-726f147175c0
          History

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