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      Prevalence, perception and factors associated with diabetes mellitus among the adult population in central Vietnam: a population-based, cross-sectional seroepidemiological survey

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          Abstract

          Background

          Diabetes Mellitus (DM) has rapidly become a major public health concern in Vietnam. Although the prevalence of DM has been studied in northern and southern Vietnam, little data are available for the central region. Therefore, the aims of this survey were to estimate the prevalence of DM and to identify the perception of and factors associated with DM among the adult population in central Vietnam.

          Methods

          We conducted a cross-sectional, population-based survey in Khánh Hòa Province, Vietnam in December 2014 using three-stage cluster sampling and probability proportional to size sampling in line with the World Health Organization STEPwise approach. Four hundred and eighty residents aged 20–70 years were selected from 30 villages in 10 wards/communes. After obtaining informed consent, all residents participated in interviews regarding lifestyle, medical history, and perception of DM and underwent physical measurements and blood examination for fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin. Factors associated with DM were analyzed using a logistic regression model.

          Results

          A total of 376 residents were enrolled (response rate: 78.3%; females: 59%; rural residents: 61%). Among the participants, 14.3% and 18.9% of males and females, respectively, were classified as overweight/obese according to body mass index (BMI), 37.7% and 22.1%, respectively, had hypertension, and 36.4% and 11.7% had metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of DM in the entire population was 7.2% (27/376; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.6–9.8). Participants aged 60–70 years were more likely to have DM than those aged 30–39 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 8.7; 95%CI: 1.4–56.0), and participants classified as obese were more likely to have DM than those with normal or low BMI (aOR: 10.2; 95%CI: 2.2–50.2). Furthermore, more than two-thirds (254/376, 67.6%) of the participants either did not understand or had never heard of DM, and less than half of the DM cases (12/27, 44%) were aware of their history of DM.

          Conclusions

          The results of this study suggested that the prevalence of DM among the adult population in central Vietnam was slightly higher than that in other areas. Additional research is needed to further explore perceptions of and practices regarding DM.

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          Most cited references8

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          2003 WHO/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension

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            Identification of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes by systolic blood pressure and waist-to-hip ratio.

            We estimated the current prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the Vietnamese population and developed simple diagnostic models for identifying individuals at high risk of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes. The study was designed as a cross-sectional investigation with 721 men and 1,421 women, who were aged between 30 and 72 years and were randomly sampled from Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon) in Vietnam. A 75 g oral glucose tolerance test to assess fasting and 2 h plasma glucose concentrations were determined for each individual. The ADA diagnostic criteria were used to determine the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. WHR and blood pressure were also measured in all individuals. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 10.8% in men and 11.7% in women. Higher WHR and blood pressure were independently associated with a greater risk of type 2 diabetes. Compared with participants without central obesity and hypertension, the odds of diabetes was increased by 6.4-fold (95% CI 3.2-13.0) in men and 4.1-fold (2.2-7.6) in women with central obesity and hypertension. Two nomograms were developed that help identify men and women at high risk of type 2 diabetes. The current prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the Vietnamese population is high. Simple field measurements such as waist-to-hip ratio and systolic blood pressure can identify individuals at high risk of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes.
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              Prevalence and risk factors for diabetes in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

              To determine the prevalence of diabetes and associated risk factors in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. A total of 2932 participants aged 15 and above in Ho Chi Minh City were screened for diabetes in a cross-sectional study. The study was conducted from March-May 2001. Demographic, occupation, anthropometry and blood pressure were recorded. Blood glucose was calculated on fasting capillary and venous blood. The classification of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) was carried out according to WHO and American Diabetes Association criteria. The crude prevalence of diabetes and IFG were 6.6 and 3.2%, respectively. After age, sex-adjustment to the Vietnam population census, the prevalence was 3.8 and 2.5%, respectively; approximately 40% of cases were found to be newly diagnosed diabetes. The crude prevalence of diabetes in the urban area was approximately 2.8 times higher than that recorded in the 1993 study (6.9 vs. 2.5%, respectively). In this study, there was a positive association between diabetes and sex, age, overweight, waist hip ratio (WHR), and having a history of delivering large for gestational age child; there was a negative association between diabetes and physical activity and occupation. This study found that the age, sex-adjusted prevalence of diabetes and IFG in Ho Chi Minh City were 3.8 and 2.5%, respectively, a rapid increase in the recent decade. Our study also indicates that ageing, a high WHR level, overweight and a sedentary lifestyle may be important determinants of the increased prevalence of diabetes during this transition period in Vietnam.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                +81 (0)3-5273-6482 , masami5008@gmail.com
                t-shimizu@it.ncgm.go.jp
                vandatht@gmail.com
                phungthanhkh@yahoo.com.vn
                phamphuongthuy128@gmail.com
                anhsinh67@yahoo.com
                nguyenhuuchau_syt@yahoo.com.vn
                ymatsushita@hosp.ncgm.go.jp
                hkajio@hosp.ncgm.go.jp
                vienquangmai@gmail.com
                m-hachiya@it.ncgm.go.jp
                Journal
                BMC Public Health
                BMC Public Health
                BMC Public Health
                BioMed Central (London )
                1471-2458
                5 April 2017
                5 April 2017
                2017
                : 17
                : 298
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.45203.30, Bureau of International Health Cooperation, , National Center for Global Health and Medicine, ; 1-21-1, Toyama Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
                [2 ]Pasteur Institute Nha Trang, 8-10 Pasteur, Xuong Huan, tp, Nha Trang, Khánh Hòam Vietnam
                [3 ]Endocrinology Center, Khánh Hòa Provincial Public Health Service, 3A Han Thuyen Street, Nha Trang City, Khánh Hòa Province Vietnam
                [4 ]GRID grid.45203.30, Center for Clinical Sciences, , National Center for Global Health and Medicine, ; 1-21-1, Toyama Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
                [5 ]GRID grid.45203.30, Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, , Center Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, ; 1-21-1, Toyama Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0878-0155
                Article
                4208
                10.1186/s12889-017-4208-9
                5382364
                28381223
                f22f9e67-0677-4c21-84f4-54e32d4cf603
                © The Author(s). 2017

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 14 November 2016
                : 30 March 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: National Cetner for Global Health and Medicine
                Award ID: S26-4
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2017

                Public health
                diabetes mellitus,central vietnam,prevalence,perception
                Public health
                diabetes mellitus, central vietnam, prevalence, perception

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