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      Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on employees’ mental health: A systematic review

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          The purpose of this exploratory study was to obtain greater insight into the effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on the mental health of employees.

          Methods

          Using PsycINFO, PubMed, and CINAHL, we performed a systematic review in October 2015 of studies investigating the effects of MBSR and MBCT on various aspects of employees’ mental health. Studies with a pre-post design (i.e. without a control group) were excluded.

          Results

          24 articles were identified, describing 23 studies: 22 on the effects of MBSR and 1 on the effects of MBSR in combination with some aspects of MBCT. Since no study focused exclusively on MBCT, its effects are not described in this systematic review. Of the 23 studies, 2 were of high methodological quality, 15 were of medium quality and 6 were of low quality. A meta-analysis was not performed due to the emergent and relatively uncharted nature of the topic of investigation, the exploratory character of this study, and the diversity of outcomes in the studies reviewed. Based on our analysis, the strongest outcomes were reduced levels of emotional exhaustion (a dimension of burnout), stress, psychological distress, depression, anxiety, and occupational stress. Improvements were found in terms of mindfulness, personal accomplishment (a dimension of burnout), (occupational) self-compassion, quality of sleep, and relaxation.

          Conclusion

          The results of this systematic review suggest that MBSR may help to improve psychological functioning in employees.

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          Most cited references87

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          Mindfulness: A Proposed Operational Definition

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            Mechanisms of mindfulness.

            Recently, the psychological construct mindfulness has received a great deal of attention. The majority of research has focused on clinical studies to evaluate the efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions. This line of research has led to promising data suggesting mindfulness-based interventions are effective for treatment of both psychological and physical symptoms. However, an equally important direction for future research is to investigate questions concerning mechanisms of action underlying mindfulness-based interventions. This theoretical paper proposes a model of mindfulness, in an effort to elucidate potential mechanisms to explain how mindfulness affects positive change. Potential implications and future directions for the empirical study of mechanisms involved in mindfulness are addressed. Copyright (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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              Burnout and self-reported patient care in an internal medicine residency program.

              Burnout is a syndrome of depersonalization, emotional exhaustion, and a sense of low personal accomplishment. Little is known about burnout in residents or its relationship to patient care. To determine the prevalence of burnout in medical residents and explore its relationship to self-reported patient care practices. Cross-sectional study using an anonymous, mailed survey. University-based residency program in Seattle, Washington. 115 internal medicine residents. Burnout was measured by using the Maslach Burnout Inventory and was defined as scores in the high range for medical professionals on the depersonalization or emotional exhaustion subscales. Five questions developed for this study assessed self-reported patient care practices that suggested suboptimal care (for example, "I did not fully discuss treatment options or answer a patient's questions" or "I made...errors that were not due to a lack of knowledge or inexperience"). Depression and at-risk alcohol use were assessed by using validated screening questionnaires. Of 115 (76%) responding residents, 87 (76%) met the criteria for burnout. Compared with non-burned-out residents, burned-out residents were significantly more likely to self-report providing at least one type of suboptimal patient care at least monthly (53% vs. 21%; P = 0.004). In multivariate analyses, burnout--but not sex, depression, or at-risk alcohol use--was strongly associated with self-report of one or more suboptimal patient care practices at least monthly (odds ratio, 8.3 [95% CI, 2.6 to 26.5]). When each domain of burnout was evaluated separately, only a high score for depersonalization was associated with self-reported suboptimal patient care practices (in a dose-response relationship). Burnout was common among resident physicians and was associated with self-reported suboptimal patient care practices.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Methodology
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                24 January 2018
                2018
                : 13
                : 1
                : e0191332
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Occupation & Health Research Group, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
                [2 ] Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
                [3 ] Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, the Netherlands
                [4 ] Kingston University, London, United Kingdom
                University of Oxford, UNITED KINGDOM
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8623-3523
                Article
                PONE-D-17-05337
                10.1371/journal.pone.0191332
                5783379
                29364935
                f24a6022-3d09-4ff2-97a7-8fbdda2d66a7
                © 2018 Janssen et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 10 March 2017
                : 3 January 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Pages: 37
                Funding
                Funded by: NWO, Dutch Organization for Scientific Research (Den Haag, The Netherlands)
                Award ID: 023.007.051
                Award Recipient :
                The research was funded by a grant of NWO, Dutch Organization for Scientific Research (Den Haag, The Netherlands), File number: 023.007.051, www.nwo.nl. MJ received the funding. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
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                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Psychological Stress
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychological Stress
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychological Stress
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
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                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Processes
                Sleep
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Mood Disorders
                Depression
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Professions
                Teachers
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Anxiety
                Social Sciences
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                Emotions
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