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      Bioelectrical Impedance May Predict Cell Viability During Ischemia and Reperfusion in Rat Liver

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          Abstract

          Ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury is a major cause of hepatic failure after liver surgery, but no method could monitor or predict it real-time during surgery. We measured bioelectrical impedance (BEI) and cell viability to assess the usefulness of BEI during I/R in rat liver. A 70% partial liver ischemia model was used. BEI was measured at various frequencies. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, and palmitic acid oxidation rate were measured, and histological changes were observed in order to quantify liver cell viability. BEI changed significantly during ischemia at low frequency. In the ischemia group, BEI increased gradually during 60 min of ischemia and had a tendency to plateau thereafter. The ATP content decreased below 20% of the baseline level. In the I/R group, BEI recovered to near baseline level. After 24 hr of reperfusion, the ATP contents decreased to below 50% in 30, 60 and 120 min of ischemia and the palmitic acid metabolic rates decreased to 91%, 78%, and 74%, respectively, compared with normal liver. BEI may be a good tool for monitoring I/R during liver surgery. The liver is relatively tolerant to ischemia, however after reperfusion, liver cells may be damaged depending upon the duration of ischemia.

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          Principles of solid-organ preservation by cold storage.

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            Interleukin-6 protects liver against warm ischemia/reperfusion injury and promotes hepatocyte proliferation in the rodent.

            Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an acute reactant cytokine with anti-inflammatory properties, which has been found to prevent injury in a model of acute hepatitis in mice through downregulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha); to correlate inversely with markers of hepatocellular injury in patients with liver ischemia; and to initiate liver regeneration in mice. In this study, we investigated the role of IL-6 in rodent models of hepatic warm ischemia/reperfusion (WI/Rp) injury. IL-6-deficient mice (-/-) were subjected to hepatic WI and compared with C57BL/6 mice, as well as IL-6 -/- mice pretreated with recombinant IL-6 (rIL-6). The effects of rIL-6 following various periods of ischemia were further studied in models of hepatic ischemia in rats. IL-6 -/- mice had increased reperfusion injury as assessed by transaminase levels and a tissue necrosis scoring system when compared with controls, an effect prevented by pretreatment with rIL-6. Similarly, rats pretreated with rIL-6 had reduced reperfusion injury and better survival than controls in each respective WI group. Tissue TNF-alpha expression measured by Northern blot analysis and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, a marker of inflammation, were significantly reduced in animals pretreated with rIL-6. Administration of antibodies to TNF-alpha reproduced the beneficial effect of rIL-6. Hepatocyte proliferation, as assessed by a scoring method for mitotic index and proliferating nuclear cell antigen staining, was markedly increased in rIL-6-treated rats when compared with controls. In conclusion, this study suggests that IL-6 could play an important role in limiting hepatic warm ischemia/reperfusion (WI/Rp) injury, probably through its anti-inflammatory properties, modulation of TNF-alpha, and/or promotion of liver regeneration. rIL-6 might become an important cytokine in clinical situations associated with WI/Rp injury.
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              Hepatic resection with ischemia of the liver exceeding one hour.

              Twenty-six hepatic resections were performed using vascular clamping lasting more than one hour. The average duration of continuous normothermic ischemia was 67.0 +/- 7.5 minutes (plus or minus standard error of the mean) (range of 60 to 85 minutes). Vascular occlusion consisted of simple portal triad clamping in 14 patients and of hepatic vascular exclusion in 12. Extensive hepatectomy was performed upon more than 80 percent of the patients. One postoperative death was recorded. Extensive complications occurred in eight patients, including one case of hepatic failure. Postoperative changes in hepatic function tests were mild and transient. The rate of postoperative complications was higher in the group of patients with chronic hepatic disease (77.8 versus 11.8 percent, p < 0.005). Prolonged hepatic ischemia should not be considered a risk factor in patients with normal livers, whereas morbidity and mortality rates are seriously affected by the presence of chronic hepatic disease.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Korean Med Sci
                JKMS
                Journal of Korean Medical Science
                The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences
                1011-8934
                1598-6357
                April 2010
                19 March 2010
                : 25
                : 4
                : 577-582
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea.
                [2 ]Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea.
                [3 ]Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea.
                Author notes
                Address for Correspondence: Sung Su Yun, M.D. Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 317-1 Daemyeong-dong, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-717, Korea. Tel: +82.53-620-3590, Fax: +82.53-624-1213, ssyun@ 123456med.yu.ac.kr
                Article
                10.3346/jkms.2010.25.4.577
                2844586
                20358001
                f2579fbe-5487-4cd4-9878-01a4c301e4e6
                © 2010 The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 23 April 2009
                : 10 August 2009
                Categories
                Original Article
                Gastroenterology & Hepatology

                Medicine
                reperfusion,bioelectrical impedance,cell survival,atp,ischemia
                Medicine
                reperfusion, bioelectrical impedance, cell survival, atp, ischemia

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