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      Freshwater fishes of the Bahia State, Northeastern Brazil Translated title: Peixes de água doce do Estado da Bahia, Nordeste do Brasil

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      Biota Neotropica
      Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade | BIOTA - FAPESP
      biodiversidade, espécies ameaçadas, endemismo, Ecorregião Mata Atlântica Nordeste, bacia do rio São Francisco, biodiversity, threatened species, endemism, Northeastern Mata Atlantica ecoregion, São Francisco river basin

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          Abstract

          Abstract: This work was carried out from the assessment of the conservation status of the freshwater ichthyofauna from Bahia State. The inventory data and species distribution were obtained from the specialized scientific literature and representative ichthyological collections. A total of 281 native species was recorded in Bahia State, distributed in the Northeastern Mata Atlantica (NMA) and São Francisco (SFR) freshwater ecoregions. There was a larger number of species in the NMA (187 spp.), composed by several coastal basins, than in the SFR (134 spp.), composed by São Francisco river basin. Among the 30 families recorded, Characidae and Rivulidae were the most representative, with 53 and 48 species, respectively. The conservation status of 214 species was assessed and 33 of them (15%) were included in the IUCN threat categories. Of these, 11 species were classified as vulnerable (VU), 12 as endangered (EN), and 10 as critically endangered (CR). Most threatened species (n = 14) belongs to the family Rivulidae. The larger number of threatened species in the NMA: (n = 23) is mainly related to the high endemism of restricted-range species associated with the human occupation impacts along the coastal regions. In the SFR, most of threatened species are annual killifishes, which are locally disappearing due to increasing degradation of their temporary habitats.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo: Este trabalho foi realizado a partir da avaliação do estado de conservação da ictiofauna de água doce do Estado da Bahia. Os dados de inventário e distribuição das espécies foram obtidos a partir da literatura científica especializada e de coleções ictiológicas representativas. Um total de 281 espécies nativas foi registrado no Estado da Bahia, distribuídas nas ecorregiões de água doce Mata Atlântica Nordeste (NMA) e São Francisco (SFR). A riqueza de espécies foi maior na NMA (187 spp.), composta por diversas bacias costeiras, do que na SFR (134 spp.), composta pela bacia do rio São Francisco. Das 30 famílias registradas, as mais representativas foram Characidae e Rivulidae, com 53 e 48 espécies, respectivamente. O estado de conservação de 214 espécies foi avaliado e 33 (15%) destas foram classificadas em alguma categoria de ameaça da IUCN. Destas, 11 foram classificadas como vulneráveis (VU), 12 em perigo (EN) e 10 criticamente em perigo (CR). A maioria das espécies ameaçadas (n = 14) pertence à família Rivulidae. O elevado número de espécies ameaçadas na NMA: (n = 23) está associado ao alto endemismo das espécies com distribuição restrita e aos impactos da ocupação humana ao longo da região costeira. Na SFR, a maioria das espécies ameaçadas é de peixes anuais, que estão localmente desaparecendo devido à degradação crescente de seus habitats temporários.

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          Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100.

          Scenarios of changes in biodiversity for the year 2100 can now be developed based on scenarios of changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate, vegetation, and land use and the known sensitivity of biodiversity to these changes. This study identified a ranking of the importance of drivers of change, a ranking of the biomes with respect to expected changes, and the major sources of uncertainties. For terrestrial ecosystems, land-use change probably will have the largest effect, followed by climate change, nitrogen deposition, biotic exchange, and elevated carbon dioxide concentration. For freshwater ecosystems, biotic exchange is much more important. Mediterranean climate and grassland ecosystems likely will experience the greatest proportional change in biodiversity because of the substantial influence of all drivers of biodiversity change. Northern temperate ecosystems are estimated to experience the least biodiversity change because major land-use change has already occurred. Plausible changes in biodiversity in other biomes depend on interactions among the causes of biodiversity change. These interactions represent one of the largest uncertainties in projections of future biodiversity change.
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            Fish biodiversity and conservation in South America.

            The freshwater and marine fish faunas of South America are the most diverse on Earth, with current species richness estimates standing above 9100 species. In addition, over the last decade at least 100 species were described every year. There are currently about 5160 freshwater fish species, and the estimate for the freshwater fish fauna alone points to a final diversity between 8000 and 9000 species. South America also has c. 4000 species of marine fishes. The mega-diverse fish faunas of South America evolved over a period of >100 million years, with most lineages tracing origins to Gondwana and the adjacent Tethys Sea. This high diversity was in part maintained by escaping the mass extinctions and biotic turnovers associated with Cenozoic climate cooling, the formation of boreal and temperate zones at high latitudes and aridification in many places at equatorial latitudes. The fresh waters of the continent are divided into 13 basin complexes, large basins consolidated as a single unit plus historically connected adjacent coastal drainages, and smaller coastal basins grouped together on the basis of biogeographic criteria. Species diversity, endemism, noteworthy groups and state of knowledge of each basin complex are described. Marine habitats around South America, both coastal and oceanic, are also described in terms of fish diversity, endemism and state of knowledge. Because of extensive land use changes, hydroelectric damming, water divergence for irrigation, urbanization, sedimentation and overfishing 4-10% of all fish species in South America face some degree of extinction risk, mainly due to habitat loss and degradation. These figures suggest that the conservation status of South American freshwater fish faunas is better than in most other regions of the world, but the marine fishes are as threatened as elsewhere. Conserving the remarkable aquatic habitats and fishes of South America is a growing challenge in face of the rapid anthropogenic changes of the 21st century, and deserves attention from conservationists and policy makers.
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              Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy

              The family Characidae is the most diverse among Neotropical fishes. Systematics of this family are mainly based on pre-cladistic papers, and only recently a phylogenetic hypothesis for Characidae was proposed by the author. That phylogeny was based on 360 morphological characters studied for 160 species, including representatives of families related to Characidae. This paper is based on that phylogenetic analysis, with the analyzed characters described herein and documented, accompanied by comparisons of their definition and coding in previous papers. Synapomorphies of each node of the proposed phylogeny are listed, comparisons with previous classifications provided, and autapomorphies of the analyzed species listed. Taxonomic implications of the proposed classification and the position of the incertae sedis genera within Characidae are discussed. A discussion of the phylogenetic information of the characters used in the classical systematics of the Characidae is provided.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bn
                Biota Neotropica
                Biota Neotrop.
                Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade | BIOTA - FAPESP (Campinas, SP, Brazil )
                1676-0611
                2020
                : 20
                : 4
                : e20200969
                Affiliations
                [12] Natal Rio Grande do Norte orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte orgdiv1Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia Brazil
                [3] Salvador Bahia orgnameUniversidade Federal da Bahia orgdiv1Instituto de Biologia orgdiv2Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Evolução Brazil
                [2] Feira de Santana Bahia orgnameUniversidade Estadual de Feira de Santana orgdiv1Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Brazil
                [10] Vitória Espírito Santo orgnameUniversidade Federal do Espírito Santo orgdiv1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal Brazil
                [7] Santa Inês Bahia orgnameInstituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano Brazil
                [4] Pirassununga SP orgnameInstituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade orgdiv1Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação da Biodiversidade Aquática Continental Brasil
                [5] Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais orgnameUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais Brazil
                [11] Santa Teresa ES orgnameInstituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica orgdiv1Laboratório de Zoologia Brasil
                [9] Ilhéus Bahia orgnameUniversidade Estadual de Santa Cruz orgdiv1Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Brazil
                [8] Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais orgnameUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais orgdiv1Instituto de Ciências Biológicas orgdiv2Departamento de Zoologia Brazil
                [6] Salvador BA orgnameSecretaria de Ciência Tecnologia e Inovação do Estado da Bahia Brasil
                [1] Jequié orgnameUniversidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia orgdiv1Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Brazil
                Article
                S1676-06032020000400201 S1676-0603(20)02000400201
                10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2020-0969
                f266bda2-385c-4f0b-9ce2-585ebc3f4781

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 18 August 2020
                : 04 February 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 102, Pages: 0
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                SciELO Brazil

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                Categories
                Article

                São Francisco river basin,espécies ameaçadas,Northeastern Mata Atlantica ecoregion,endemism,threatened species,biodiversidade,bacia do rio São Francisco,Ecorregião Mata Atlântica Nordeste,biodiversity,endemismo

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