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      Nanoparticles from photocopiers induce oxidative stress and upper respiratory tract inflammation in healthy volunteers.

      Nanotoxicology
      Adult, Biological Markers, analysis, Cytokines, Deoxyguanosine, analogs & derivatives, urine, Female, Humans, Inhalation Exposure, Male, Nanoparticles, poisoning, Nasal Lavage Fluid, chemistry, Occupational Diseases, chemically induced, metabolism, Occupational Exposure, Oxidative Stress, drug effects, Respiratory Tract Diseases, Young Adult

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          Abstract

          Photocopiers emit large quantities of nanoparticles (NPs); however, their toxicological properties have not been studied. Here we investigate for the first time early human responses following a day's exposure to NPs from photocopiers. Nine healthy subjects spent 6 h at a busy photocopy centre on 2-3 randomly selected days. Matched nasal lavage and urine samples were collected before and at different time points post-exposure. Nasal lavage samples were analysed for 14 cytokines, inflammatory cells and total protein. Urine samples were analysed for 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG). Exposure assessment was conducted using a suite of instruments. The mean total particle number on exposure days was >5 times higher than background, with size distributions in nanoscale range (peak 30-40 nm). Following exposure, 8-OH-dG and several pro-inflammatory cytokines were elevated 2-10 folds compared with pre-exposure levels and remained elevated for up to 36 h. We conclude that NPs from photocopiers induce upper airway inflammation and oxidative stress.

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