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      American Society of Anesthesiologists Score: still useful after 60 years? Results of the EuSOS Study Translated title: O escore da American Society of Anesthesiologists: ainda útil após 60 anos? Resultados do estudo EuSOS

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          Abstract

          Objective

          The European Surgical Outcomes Study described mortality following in-patient surgery. Several factors were identified that were able to predict poor outcomes in a multivariate analysis. These included age, procedure urgency, severity and type and the American Association of Anaesthesia score. This study describes in greater detail the relationship between the American Association of Anaesthesia score and postoperative mortality.

          Methods

          Patients in this 7-day cohort study were enrolled in April 2011. Consecutive patients aged 16 years and older undergoing inpatient non-cardiac surgery with a recorded American Association of Anaesthesia score in 498 hospitals across 28 European nations were included and followed up for a maximum of 60 days. The primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. Decision tree analysis with the CHAID (SPSS) system was used to delineate nodes associated with mortality.

          Results

          The study enrolled 46,539 patients. Due to missing values, 873 patients were excluded, resulting in the analysis of 45,666 patients. Increasing American Association of Anaesthesia scores were associated with increased admission rates to intensive care and higher mortality rates. Despite a progressive relationship with mortality, discrimination was poor, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.658 (95% CI 0.642 - 0.6775). Using regression trees (CHAID), we identified four discrete American Association of Anaesthesia nodes associated with mortality, with American Association of Anaesthesia 1 and American Association of Anaesthesia 2 compressed into the same node.

          Conclusion

          The American Association of Anaesthesia score can be used to determine higher risk groups of surgical patients, but clinicians cannot use the score to discriminate between grades 1 and 2. Overall, the discriminatory power of the model was less than acceptable for widespread use.

          Translated abstract

          Objetivo

          O European Surgical Outcomes Study foi um estudo que descreveu a mortalidade após a cirurgia de pacientes internados. Em uma análise multivariada, foram identificados diversos fatores capazes de prever maus resultados, os quais incluem idade, urgência do procedimento, gravidade e porte, assim como o escore da American Association of Anaesthesia . Este estudo descreveu, com mais detalhes, o relacionamento entre o escore da American Association of Anaesthesia e a mortalidade pós-operatória.

          Métodos

          Os pacientes neste estudo de coorte com duração de sete dias foram inscritos em abril de 2011. Foram incluídos e seguidos, por no máximo 60 dias, pacientes consecutivos com idade de 16 anos ou mais, internados e submetidos à cirurgia não cardíaca e com registro do escore da American Association of Anaesthesia em 498 hospitais, localizados em 28 países europeus. O parâmetro primário foi mortalidade hospitalar. Foi utilizada uma árvore decisória, com base no sistema CHAID (SPSS), para delinear os nós associados à mortalidade.

          Resultados

          O estudo inscreveu um total de 46.539 pacientes. Em função de valores faltantes, foram excluídos 873 pacientes, resultando na análise 45.666. Aumentos no escore da American Association of Anaesthesia se associaram com o acréscimo das taxas de admissão à terapia intensiva e de mortalidade. Apesar do relacionamento progressivo com mortalidade, a discriminação foi fraca, com uma área sob a curva ROC de 0,658 (IC 95% 0,642 - 0,6775). Com o uso das árvores de regressão (CHAID), foram identificadas quatro discretas associações dos nós da American Association of Anaesthesia com mortalidade, estando o escore American Association of Anaesthesia 1 e o escore da American Association of Anaesthesia 2 comprimidos em um mesmo nó.

          Conclusão

          O escore da American Association of Anaesthesia pode ser utilizado para determinar grupos de pacientes cirúrgicos de alto risco, porém os médicos não podem utilizá-lo para realizar a discriminação entre os graus 1 e 2. Em geral, o poder discriminatório do modelo foi menos do que aceitável para uso disseminado.

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          Most cited references18

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          The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.

          A representation and interpretation of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve obtained by the "rating" method, or by mathematical predictions based on patient characteristics, is presented. It is shown that in such a setting the area represents the probability that a randomly chosen diseased subject is (correctly) rated or ranked with greater suspicion than a randomly chosen non-diseased subject. Moreover, this probability of a correct ranking is the same quantity that is estimated by the already well-studied nonparametric Wilcoxon statistic. These two relationships are exploited to (a) provide rapid closed-form expressions for the approximate magnitude of the sampling variability, i.e., standard error that one uses to accompany the area under a smoothed ROC curve, (b) guide in determining the size of the sample required to provide a sufficiently reliable estimate of this area, and (c) determine how large sample sizes should be to ensure that one can statistically detect differences in the accuracy of diagnostic techniques.
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            A new Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) based on a European/North American multicenter study.

            To develop and validate a new Simplified Acute Physiology Score, the SAPS II, from a large sample of surgical and medical patients, and to provide a method to convert the score to a probability of hospital mortality. The SAPS II and the probability of hospital mortality were developed and validated using data from consecutive admissions to 137 adult medical and/or surgical intensive care units in 12 countries. The 13,152 patients were randomly divided into developmental (65%) and validation (35%) samples. Patients younger than 18 years, burn patients, coronary care patients, and cardiac surgery patients were excluded. Vital status at hospital discharge. The SAPS II includes only 17 variables: 12 physiology variables, age, type of admission (scheduled surgical, unscheduled surgical, or medical), and three underlying disease variables (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, metastatic cancer, and hematologic malignancy). Goodness-of-fit tests indicated that the model performed well in the developmental sample and validated well in an independent sample of patients (P = .883 and P = .104 in the developmental and validation samples, respectively). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.88 in the developmental sample and 0.86 in the validation sample. The SAPS II, based on a large international sample of patients, provides an estimate of the risk of death without having to specify a primary diagnosis. This is a starting point for future evaluation of the efficiency of intensive care units.
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              SAPS 3—From evaluation of the patient to evaluation of the intensive care unit. Part 2: Development of a prognostic model for hospital mortality at ICU admission

              Objective To develop a model to assess severity of illness and predict vital status at hospital discharge based on ICU admission data. Design Prospective multicentre, multinational cohort study. Patients and setting A total of 16,784 patients consecutively admitted to 303 intensive care units from 14 October to 15 December 2002. Measurements and results ICU admission data (recorded within ±1 h) were used, describing: prior chronic conditions and diseases; circumstances related to and physiologic derangement at ICU admission. Selection of variables for inclusion into the model used different complementary strategies. For cross-validation, the model-building procedure was run five times, using randomly selected four fifths of the sample as a development- and the remaining fifth as validation-set. Logistic regression methods were then used to reduce complexity of the model. Final estimates of regression coefficients were determined by use of multilevel logistic regression. Variables selection and weighting were further checked by bootstraping (at patient level and at ICU level). Twenty variables were selected for the final model, which exhibited good discrimination (aROC curve 0.848), without major differences across patient typologies. Calibration was also satisfactory (Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test Ĥ=10.56, p=0.39, Ĉ=14.29, p=0.16). Customised equations for major areas of the world were computed and demonstrate a good overall goodness-of-fit. Conclusions The SAPS 3 admission score is able to predict vital status at hospital discharge with use of data recorded at ICU admission. Furthermore, SAPS 3 conceptually dissociates evaluation of the individual patient from evaluation of the ICU and thus allows them to be assessed at their respective reference levels. Electronic Supplementary Material Electronic supplementary material is included in the online fulltext version of this article and accessible for authorised users: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-005-2763-5
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Bras Ter Intensiva
                Rev Bras Ter Intensiva
                Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva
                Associação Brasileira de Medicina intensiva
                0103-507X
                1982-4335
                Apr-Jun 2015
                Apr-Jun 2015
                : 27
                : 2
                : 105-112
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Neurocritical Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de São José, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, E.P.E. - Lisboa, Portugal.
                [2 ]Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa - Lisboa, Portugal.
                [3 ]Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London - London, United Kingdom.
                [4 ]Critical Care Medicine, St. George’s Healthcare NHS Trust and St. George’s, University of London - London, United Kingdom.
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Rui Moreno, Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Neurocríticos do Hospital de São José, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, E.P.E., Rua José António Serrano, 1150-199 Lisboa, Portugal. E-mail: r.moreno@ 123456mail.telepac.pt
                Article
                10.5935/0103-507X.20150020
                4489777
                26340149
                f27ee16f-ae92-4042-982d-c69fd1ea922d

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 20 January 2015
                : 16 April 2015
                Categories
                Original Article

                anestesiologia,reprodutibilidade de resultados,mortalidade,período pós-operatório

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