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      A Location-Based Objective Assessment of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Ambulatory Hemodialysis Patients

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          Abstract

          Background:

          Dialysis patients have reduced moderate to vigorous physical activity, and light physical activity. This has been shown in self-reported surveys and objective accelerometer studies. Less attention has been directed toward sedentary behavior, which is characterized by low energy expenditure (≤1.5 metabolic equivalents). Furthermore, locations where physical activity and sedentary behavior occur are largely unknown for dialysis patients.

          Objectives:

          The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the minutes per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity, light physical activity, and sedentary behavior for hemodialysis patients; (2) to describe differences in moderate to vigorous physical activity, light physical activity, and sedentary behavior comparing dialysis versus nondialysis days; and (3) to describe the locations where moderate to vigorous physical activity, light physical activity, and sedentary behavior occur using global positioning system (GPS) data.

          Design:

          Cross-sectional study.

          Setting:

          The study was performed at a tertiary care hospital in Nova Scotia, Canada.

          Patients:

          A total of 50 adult in-center hemodialysis patients consented to the study.

          Measurements:

          Physical activity and sedentary behavior were measured with an Actigraph-GT3X accelerometer. Location was determined using a Qstarz BT-Q1000X GPS receiver.

          Methods:

          Minutes of daily activity were described as was percentage of wear time for each activity level across different locations during waking hours. Physical activity intensity, quantity, and location were also analyzed according to dialysis vs nondialysis days.

          Results:

          Forty-three patients met requirements for accelerometer analysis, of whom 42 had GPS data. Median wear time was 836.5 min/day (interquartile range [IQR]: 788.3-918.3). Median minutes of daily wear time spent in sedentary behavior, light physical activity, and moderate to vigorous physical activity was 636 minutes (IQR: 594.1-730.1), 178 minutes (IQR: 144-222.1), and 1.6 minutes (IQR: 0.6-7.7), respectively. Proportion of daily wear time spent in sedentary behavior, light physical activity, and moderate to vigorous physical activity was 78.4% (IQR: 70.7-84.0), 21.5% (IQR: 16.0-26.9), and 0.2% (IQR: 0.1-1.1), respectively. Home was the dominant location for total linked accelerometer-GPS time (59.4%, IQR: 46.9-69.5) as well as for each prespecified level of activity. Significantly more sedentary behavior and less light physical activity occurred on dialysis days compared with nondialysis days ( P ≤ .01, respectively). Moderate to vigorous physical activity did not differ significantly between dialysis and nondialysis days.

          Limitations:

          Small sample size from a single academic center may limit generalizability. Difficult to engage population as less than half of eligible dialysis patients provided consent. Physical activity may have been underestimated as devices were not worn for all waking hours or aquatic activities, and hip-based accelerometers may not capture stationary exercise.

          Conclusions:

          Ambulatory, in-center hemodialysis patients exhibit substantial sedentary behavior and minimal physical activity across a limited range of locations. Given the sedentary tendencies of this population, focus should be directed on increasing physical activity at any location frequented. Home-based exercise programs may serve as a potential adjunct to established intradialytic-based therapies given the amount of time spent in the home environment.

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          Contexte:

          Il a été démontré par des enquêtes d’auto-déclaration et des études objectives par accéléromètre que les patients en dialyse pratiquent peu d’activités modérées à vigoureuses et une activité physique légère. Les comportements sédentaires, caractérisés par une faible dépense énergétique (≤ 1,5 équivalent métabolique/MET), ont suscité moins d’intérêt. De plus, les endroits où l’activité physique et le comportement sédentaire sont pratiqués sont en grande partie inconnus des patients dialysés.

          Objectifs:

          1) Déterminer le nombre de minutes par jour d’activité physique modérée à vigoureuse, d’activité physique légère et de sédentarité chez les patients hémodialysés. 2) Décrire les différences d’activité physique modérée à vigoureuse, d’activité physique légère et de comportement sédentaire en comparant les journées de dialyse aux journées sans dialyse. 3) Recenser les endroits où les activités physiques modérées à vigoureuses, les activités physiques légères et les comportements sédentaires se produisent à l’aide des données du système de positionnement global (GPS).

          Type d’étude:

          Étude transversale.

          Cadre:

          L’étude a été réalisée dans un hôpital de soins tertiaires en Nouvelle-Écosse (Canada). Sujets: Au total, 50 adultes hémodialysés en centre ont accepté de participer à l’étude.

          Mesures:

          Le niveau d’activité physique et les comportements sédentaires ont été mesurés à l’aide de l’accéléromètre Actigraph-GT3X. Les lieux ont été déterminés à l’aide d’un récepteur Qstarz BT-Q1000X GPS.

          Méthodologie:

          Le nombre de minutes d’activité quotidienne a été exprimé en pourcentage de temps de port de l’appareil pour chaque type d’activité, à différents endroits, pendant les heures d’éveil. L’intensité, la quantité et la localisation de l’activité physique ont également été analysées selon qu’il s’agissait ou non d’une journée de dialyse.

          Résultats:

          Quarante-trois patients remplissaient les conditions requises pour l’analyse par accéléromètre, dont 42 disposaient de données GPS. Le temps de port médian était de 836,5 minutes/jour (EIQ: 788,3-918,3). La médiane du nombre de minutes de port quotidien passées en période de sédentarité, d’activité physique légère ou d’activité modérée à vigoureuse était de 636 minutes (EIQ: 594,1-730,1), de 178 minutes (EIQ: 144-222,1) et de 1,6 minute (EIQ: 0,6-7,7), respectivement. La proportion du temps de port quotidien passé en comportement sédentaire, en activité physique légère et en activité physique modérée à vigoureuse était de 78,4 % (IQR 70,7-84,0), 21,5 % (IQR 16,0-26,9) et 0,2 % (IQR 0,1-1,1), respectivement. Le temps total pour le duo accéléromètre-GPS (59,4 %; IQR 46,9-69,5) et chacun des niveaux d’activité prédéfinis a été majoritairement enregistré au domicile. Les périodes de sédentarité et de faible activité physique ont été nettement plus observées les jours de dialyse en comparaison des jours sans dialyse ( P ≤ ,01). L’activité physique modérée à vigoureuse n’a pas varié de façon significative, qu’il s’agisse ou non d’un jour de dialyse.

          Limites:

          La généralisation des résultats est limitée par la petite taille de l’échantillon et le fait que les sujets provenaient d’un seul centre. Aussi, le recrutement des sujets est difficile, moins de la moitié des patients admissibles a donné son consentement. Enfin, l’activité physique pourrait être sous-estimée puisque les appareils n’étaient pas portés pendant toutes les heures d’éveil ou lors des activités aquatiques, et qu’il est possible que l’accéléromètre, porté à la hanche, n’ait pas enregistré pas les exercices stationnaires.

          Conclusion:

          Les patients hémodialysés en centre sont très largement sédentaires et pratiquent une activité physique minimale dans un nombre limité d’endroits. Compte tenu de cette tendance, il convient de mettre l’accent sur l’augmentation de l’activité physique dans les lieux fréquentés par ces patients. Étant donné le temps passé à la maison, un programme d’exercices à domicile pourrait servir d’adjuvant potentiel aux traitements intradialytiques établis.

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          Most cited references22

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: not found
          • Article: not found

          Significance of frailty among dialysis patients.

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            • Article: not found

            Physical activity levels in patients on hemodialysis and healthy sedentary controls.

            Patients on dialysis have reduced exercise tolerance compared with age-matched sedentary controls. The reasons for this debility have not been fully elucidated, but physical inactivity could be a contributing factor. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether patients on hemodialysis are less active than healthy sedentary controls and to explore clinical correlates of physical activity level in a group of hemodialysis patients. Thirty-four hemodialysis patients and 80 healthy sedentary individuals participated in the study. Physical activity was measured for seven days with a three-dimensional accelerometer and with an activity questionnaire. Vector magnitude values from the accelerometer for the dialysis and control subjects were 104,718 +/- 9631 and 161,255 +/- 6792 arbitrary units per day, respectively (P < 0.0001, mean +/- SEM). The estimated energy expenditure values derived from the questionnaire were 33.6 +/- 0.5 kcal/kg/day and 36.2 +/- 0.5 kcal/kg/day (P = 0.002). The difference between patients on dialysis and controls increased with advancing age. Among the dialysis subjects, some measures of nutritional status correlated with physical activity level, including serum albumin concentration (r = 0.58, P = 0.003), serum creatinine concentration (r = 0.37, P = 0. 03), and phase angle derived from bioelectrical impedance analysis (r = 0.40, P = 0.02). Patients on hemodialysis are less active than healthy sedentary controls, and this difference is more pronounced among older individuals. There is an association between the level of physical activity and nutritional status among patients on dialysis. These findings are of great concern, given the trend toward increasing age in incident dialysis patients and the well-known association between inactivity and increased mortality in the general population.
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              • Article: not found

              Decreased survival among sedentary patients undergoing dialysis: results from the dialysis morbidity and mortality study wave 2.

              Sedentary behavior is associated with an increased risk for death in the general population. However, the association between inactivity and mortality has not been studied in a large cohort of dialysis patients despite the high prevalence of sedentary behavior in this group. We used the Dialysis Morbidity and Mortality Study Wave 2, a prospective study of a national sample of 4,024 incident peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis patients from 1996 to 1997, to determine whether sedentary behavior is associated with increased mortality during a 1-year period in this group after adjusting for confounding variables. The study population consisted of the 2,837 patients with accurate survival data who were able to ambulate and transfer. Eleven percent of the sedentary patients died during the study period compared with 5% of nonsedentary patients. In a survival analysis, sedentary behavior (hazard ratio, 1.62; 95% confidence interval, 1.16 to 2.27) was associated with an increased risk for death at 1 year after adjusting for all variables that we postulated might be associated with survival and for differences between sedentary and nonsedentary patients. Sedentary behavior is associated with an increased risk for mortality among dialysis patients similar in magnitude to that of other well-established risk factors, such as a one-point reduction in serum albumin concentration. More attention should be given to exercise behavior in dialysis patients, and controlled clinical trials are needed to further define the association of sedentary behavior with mortality. Copyright 2003 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Can J Kidney Health Dis
                Can J Kidney Health Dis
                CJK
                spcjk
                Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease
                SAGE Publications (Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA )
                2054-3581
                28 August 2019
                2019
                : 6
                : 2054358119872967
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
                [2 ]Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
                [3 ]Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
                [4 ]School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
                [5 ]School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
                Author notes
                [*]Karthik K. Tennankore, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5820 University Avenue, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 1V8. Email: ktennankore@ 123456gmail.com
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4903-6680
                Article
                10.1177_2054358119872967
                10.1177/2054358119872967
                6716178
                f2e6e69e-4176-49fa-83fb-6e9b910752c1
                © The Author(s) 2019

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                : 21 December 2018
                : 25 June 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: Nova Scotia Health Authority Research Fund, ;
                Award ID: 1021740
                Categories
                Original Research Article
                Custom metadata
                January-December 2019

                physical activity,sedentary behavior,hemodialysis,accelerometer,global positioning system,gps

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