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      Prosthetic vascular graft infections: a center experience Translated title: Infeções vasculares prótesicas: A experiência de um centro

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          Abstract

          Introduction: Prosthetic graft infection is a major complication of vascular surgery associated with high morbid-mortality rates. This retrospective non-randomized single center study evaluated our experience in the management of prosthetic vascular graft infections. Methods: We review the clinical files of patients who had vascular grafts implanted at our center between June 2007 and December 2011 and analysed the cases that developed Samson group 3, 4 and 5 infections until December 2012. Results: From June 2007 to December 2012, 18 consecutive patients (14 males, 4 females) with median age 70 years were admitted to our institution with the diagnosis of vascular graft infection accounting for an incidence of 3.8%. 50% of these infections were early infections and MRSA was the most prevalent pathogen. 44% of infections were due to infection of a femoro-popliteal bypass. Using Samson classification, 72% were group 4 and 5 infections. We performed graft preservation in one patient, graft excision without revascularization in 50% (nine) patients; Excision + insitu replacement in 39% (seven) patients; Excision + Extra-anatomic bypass in one patient. Our amputation rate was 55% and our related death rate was 16%. Conclusions: Our amputation and mortality rates are according the published reviews. Besides allowing recognition of our reality this offers the opportunity to review diagnosis and therapeutic issues in prosthetic vascular graft infections. Each situation needs to be individualized as there is no consensus nor guiding algorithms about what should be the best medical treatment

          Translated abstract

          Introdução: A infeção de enxertos protésicos vasculares é uma complicação grave da cirurgia vascular, cursando com altas taxas de morbimortalidade. Este estudo retrospetivo não randomizado, unicêntrico, avaliou a sua experiência na gestão de infeções de próteses vasculares. Métodos: Fez-se uma revisão dos processos clínicos das revascularizações protésicas vasculares realizadas no nosso centro entre junho de 2007 e dezembro de 2011 e selecionaram-se aquelas que desenvolveram infeções do grupo 3, 4 e 5 da classificação de Samson até dezembro de 2012. Resultados: Desde junho de 2007 a dezembro de 2012, 18 doentes (14 homens, 4 mulheres), com uma média de idade 70 anos, foram admitidos no nosso centro com o diagnóstico de infeções de próteses vasculares contribuindo para uma incidência de 3,8%. 50% das infeções foram precoces sendo o MRSA o patogéneo mais isolado. 44% das infeções deveram-se a infeção de conduto femoro-poplíteo. Usando a classificação de Samson, 72% foram infeções grupo 4 e 5. Realizámos preservação do enxerto num doente, excisão da prótese sem revascularização em 50% (nove) doentes; Excisão + substituição in situ em 39% (sete) doentes; Excisão + bypass extra-anatómico num doente. A nossa taxa de amputação foi de 55% e a nossa mortalidade relacionada foi de 16%. Conclusões: As taxas de amputação e mortalidade da série estão de acordo com as revisões publicadas previamente. Para além de permitir reconhecer a nossa realidade esta publicação oferece a oportunidade de rever o diagnóstico e questões terapêuticas relacionadas com infeções de enxertos vasculares protésicos. Cada situação deve ser individualizada, pois não há consenso nem protocolos estabelecidos sobre qual deve ser o tratamento de eleição.

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          Vascular graft infections.

          Vascular procedures are rarely complicated by infection, but if prosthetic vascular graft infection (PVGI) occurs, morbidity and mortality are high. Several patient-related, surgery-related and postoperative risk factors are reported, but they are not well validated. PVGI is due to bacterial colonisation of the wound and the underlying prosthetic graft, generally as a result of direct contamination during the operative procedure, mainly from the patient's skin or adjacent bowel. There is no consensus on diagnostic criteria or on the best management of PVGI. On the basis of reported clinical studies and our own experience, we advocate a surgical approach combining repeated radical local debridement, with graft preservation whenever possible or partial excision of the infected graft, depending on its condition, plus simultaneous negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT). In addition, antimicrobial therapy is recommended, but there is no consensus on which classes of agent are adequate for the treatment of PVGI and whether certain infections may be treated by means of NPWT alone. Since staphylococci and Gram-negative rods are likely to be isolated, empirical treatment might include a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam or a glycopeptide, plus an aminoglycoside, the latter for Gram-negative coverage and synergistic treatment of Gram-positive cocci. Additionally, empirical treatment might include rifampicin since it penetrates well into biofilms.
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            Diagnosis and management of prosthetic vascular graft infections.

            Prosthetic vascular graft infection is a rare but very severe complication with a high death rate. Its optimal management requires appropriate surgical procedures combined with adequate antimicrobial treatment in reference center. The authors wanted to focus on the management of prosthetic vascular graft infection and define the clinical, microbiological, biological, and radiological criteria of vascular graft infection. Complementary investigations, although these are small series, include CT scan, the gold standard for the diagnosis of acute infection with a sensitivity and specificity reaching 100%, but decreased to 55% in case of chronic infection. More recently, PET-scanning was studied and yielded good results in chronic infections (sensitivity 98%, specificity 75.6%, positive predictive value 88.5%, and negative predictive value 84.4%). Managing prosthetic vascular graft infection, as with the orthopedic and vascular infections, requires replacing the vascular prosthesis. There is no correlation between the microbiological data and the location or type of vascular infection. Thus, the postoperative intravenous antibiotherapy should be bactericidal with a broad-spectrum. After obtaining intra-operative microbiological results, de-escalation therapy must include at least one anti-adherence agent, such as rifampicin in staphylococcal infections. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
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              Surgical management of infected abdominal aortic grafts: review of a 25-year experience.

              Eighty-four patients with infected abdominal aortic grafts managed from 1961 through February 1985 were reviewed. Thirty-three patients had associated aortoenteric fistula formation. Twenty-eight infections (33%) and 13 aortoenteric fistulas (39%) originated at The Cleveland Clinic, yielding an incidence of aortic graft infection of 0.77% (28 of 3652 grafts) and aortoenteric fistula formation of 0.36% (13 of 3652 grafts) at this center. Staphylococcus organisms alone or in combination with other organisms were isolated from 34% of the series. Management consisted of graft removal and extra-anatomic bypass in 54 patients (64%), graft removal alone in 14 (17%) patients, partial graft removal and extra-anatomic bypass in seven (8%) patients, and miscellaneous operations in nine (11%) patients. Twenty-three patients (27%) required major amputations, nine of which were bilateral. Life-table analysis yielded 30-day and 1-year survival rates of 72% and 42%, respectively. Thirty-day survival of the aortoenteric fistula subset (49%) was less than that (86%) of the nonaortoenteric fistula subset (p = 0.003). One-year survival of patients treated since 1980 (54%) was superior to that of patients treated before 1980 (31%, p = 0.035). No difference in operative or 1-year survival was demonstrated between the group treated with extra-anatomic bypass and subsequent graft removal and another in which both procedures were performed simultaneously, although the staged group experienced substantially fewer (p = 0.04) amputations (7%) than the combined group (41%).

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                Journal
                ang
                Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular
                Angiol Cir Vasc
                Sociedade Portuguesa de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular (Lisboa )
                1646-706X
                June 2014
                : 10
                : 2
                : 52-57
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra Portugal
                Article
                S1646-706X2014000200005
                10.1016/S1646-706X(14)70050-3
                f2f5adfb-6017-4de7-89f9-cbbe6c4bf7b5

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Portugal

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1646-706X&lng=en
                Categories
                PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE

                Cardiovascular Medicine
                Prosthetic vascular graft,Infection,Antibiotic treatment,Surgical treatment,Próteses vasculares,Infeção,Antibioterapia,Tratamento cirúrgico

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