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      FLIR vs SEEK thermal cameras in biomedicine: comparative diagnosis through infrared thermography

      research-article
      1 , , 1 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6
      BMC Bioinformatics
      BioMed Central
      6th International Work-Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering
      25-27 April 2018
      Comparative diagnosis, Infrared thermography, Biomedicine, Infrared camera, FLIR, SEEK

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          Abstract

          Background

          In biomedicine, infrared thermography is the most promising technique among other conventional methods for revealing the differences in skin temperature, resulting from the irregular temperature dispersion, which is the significant signaling of diseases and disorders in human body. Given the process of detecting emitted thermal radiation of human body temperature by infrared imaging, we, in this study, present the current utility of thermal camera models namely FLIR and SEEK in biomedical applications as an extension of our previous article.

          Results

          The most significant result is the differences between image qualities of the thermograms captured by thermal camera models. In other words, the image quality of the thermal images in FLIR One is higher than SEEK Compact PRO. However, the thermal images of FLIR One are noisier than SEEK Compact PRO since the thermal resolution of FLIR One is 160 × 120 while it is 320 × 240 in SEEK Compact PRO.

          Conclusion

          Detecting and revealing the inhomogeneous temperature distribution on the injured toe of the subject, we, in this paper, analyzed the imaging results of two different smartphone-based thermal camera models by making comparison among various thermograms. Utilizing the feasibility of the proposed method for faster and comparative diagnosis in biomedical problems is the main contribution of this study.

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          Most cited references20

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          Medical applications of infrared thermography: A review

          Abnormal body temperature is a natural indicator of illness. Infrared thermography (IRT) is a fast, passive, non-contact and non-invasive alternative to conventional clinical thermometers for monitoring body temperature. Besides, IRT can also map body surface temperature remotely. Last five decades witnessed a steady increase in the utility of thermal imaging cameras to obtain correlations between the thermal physiology and skin temperature. IRT has been successfully used in diagnosis of breast cancer, diabetes neuropathy and peripheral vascular disorders. It has also been used to detect problems associated with gynecology, kidney transplantation, dermatology, heart, neonatal physiology, fever screening and brain imaging. With the advent of modern infrared cameras, data acquisition and processing techniques, it is now possible to have real time high resolution thermographic images, which is likely to surge further research in this field. The present efforts are focused on automatic analysis of temperature distribution of regions of interest and their statistical analysis for detection of abnormalities. This critical review focuses on advances in the area of medical IRT. The basics of IRT, essential theoretical background, the procedures adopted for various measurements and applications of IRT in various medical fields are discussed in this review. Besides background information is provided for beginners for better understanding of the subject.
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            A reappraisal of the use of infrared thermal image analysis in medicine.

            B.F. Jones (1998)
            Infrared thermal imaging of the skin has been used for several decades to monitor the temperature distribution of human skin. Abnormalities such as malignancies, inflammation, and infection cause localized increases in temperature which show as hot spots or as asymmetrical patterns in an infrared thermogram. Even though it is nonspecific, infrared thermology is a powerful detector of problems that affect a patient's physiology. While the use of infrared imaging is increasing in many industrial and security applications, it has declined in medicine probably because of the continued reliance on first generation cameras. The transfer of military technology for medical use has prompted this reappraisal of infrared thermology in medicine. Digital infrared cameras have much improved spatial and thermal resolutions, and libraries of image processing routines are available to analyze images captured both statically and dynamically. If thermographs are captured under controlled conditions, they may be interpreted readily to diagnose certain conditions and to monitor the reaction of a patient's physiology to thermal and other stresses. Some of the major areas where infrared thermography is being used successfully are neurology, vascular disorders, rheumatic diseases, tissue viability, oncology (especially breast cancer), dermatological disorders, neonatal, ophthalmology, and surgery.
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              Infrared camera assessment of skin surface temperature--effect of emissivity.

              Infrared thermoimaging is one of the options for object temperature analysis. Infrared thermoimaging is unique due to the non-contact principle of measurement. So it is often used in medicine and for scientific experimental measurements. The presented work aims to determine whether the measurement results could be influenced by topical treatment of the hand surface by various substances. The authors attempted to determine whether the emissivity can be neglected or not in situations of topical application of substances such as ultrasound gel, ointment, disinfection, etc. The results of experiments showed that the value of surface temperature is more or less distorted by the topically applied substance. Our findings demonstrate the effect of emissivity of applied substances on resulting temperature and showed the necessity to integrate the emissivity into calculation of the final surface temperature. Infrared thermoimaging can be an appropriate method for determining the temperature of organisms, if this is understood as the surface temperature, and the surrounding environment and its temperature is taken into account.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                a.kirimtat@gmail.com
                ondrej.krejcar@uhk.cz
                aselamat@utm.my
                viedma@decsai.ugr.es
                Conference
                BMC Bioinformatics
                BMC Bioinformatics
                BMC Bioinformatics
                BioMed Central (London )
                1471-2105
                11 March 2020
                11 March 2020
                2020
                : 21
                Issue : Suppl 2 Issue sponsor : Publication of this supplement has not been supported by sponsorship. Information about the source of funding for publication charges can be found in the individual articles. The articles have undergone the journal's standard peer review process for supplements. The Supplement Editors declare that they have no competing interests.
                : 88
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9258 5931, GRID grid.4842.a, Faculty of Informatics and Management, Center for Basic and Applied Research, , University of Hradec Kralove, ; Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2296 1505, GRID grid.410877.d, Malaysia Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, ; Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur, 54100 Malaysia
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8610 6308, GRID grid.411865.f, Digital Cities Research Institute, Multimedia University, ; Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjaya, 63100 Malaysia
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2296 1505, GRID grid.410877.d, Media and Games Center of Excellence (MagicX) Universiti Teknologi Malaysia & School of Computing, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, ; Skudai, 81310 Johor Malaysia
                [5 ]ISNI 0000000121678994, GRID grid.4489.1, Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence, University of Granada, ; 18071 Granada, Spain
                [6 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0619 1117, GRID grid.412125.1, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, , King Abdulaziz University, ; Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
                Article
                3355
                10.1186/s12859-020-3355-7
                7069161
                32164529
                f2f834c7-860a-408b-ae4c-6741989db8dc
                © The Author(s). 2020

                Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                6th International Work-Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering
                Granada, Spain
                25-27 April 2018
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                © The Author(s) 2020

                Bioinformatics & Computational biology
                comparative diagnosis,infrared thermography,biomedicine,infrared camera,flir,seek

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