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      Assessment of dietary supplementation with galactomannan oligosaccharides and phytogenics on gut microbiota of European sea bass ( Dicentrarchus Labrax) fed low fishmeal and fish oil based diet

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          Abstract

          There is an increasing interest from the aquafeed industry in functional feeds containing selected additives that improve fish growth performance and health status. Functional feed additives include probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids, and phytogenics (substances derived from plants and their extracts). This study evaluated the effects of dietary inclusion of a mucilage extract rich in galactomannan oligosaccharides (GMOS), a mixture of garlic and labiatae-plants oils (PHYTO), and a combination of them (GMOSPHYTO), on gut microbiota composition of European sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax) fed with a low fishmeal (FM) and fish oil (FO) diet. Three experimental diets and a control diet (plant-based formulation with 10% FM and 6% FO) were tested in a 63-days feeding trial. To analyze the microbiota associated to feeds and the intestinal autochthonous (mucosa-adhered) and allochthonous (transient) microbial communities, the Illumina MiSeq platform for sequencing of 16S rRNA gene and QIIME2 pipeline were used. Metabarcoding analysis of feed-associated bacteria showed that the microbial communities of control (CTRL) feed deeply differed from those of experimental diets. The number of reads was significantly lower in CTRL feed than in other feeds. The OTU (operational taxonomic unit) number was instead similar between the feeds, ranging from 42 to 50 OTUs. The variation of resident gut microbiota induced by diet was lower than the variation of transient intestinal microbiota, because feedstuffs are a major source of allochthonous bacteria, which can temporarily integrate into the gut transient microbiome. However, the composition of transient bacterial communities was not simply a mirror of feed-borne bacteria. Indeed, the microbial profile of feeds was different from both faecal and mucosa profiles. Our findings suggest that the dietary inclusion of GMOS (0.5%) and PHYTO (0.02%) in a low FM and FO diet induces changes in gut microbiota composition of European sea bass. However, if on allochthonous microbiota the combined inclusion of GMOS and PHYTO showed an antagonistic effect on bactericidal activity against Vibrionales, at mucosa level, only GMOSPHYTO diet increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidales, Lactobacillales, and Clostridiales resident bacterial orders. The main beneficial effects of GMOS and PHYTO on gut microbiota are the reduction of coliforms and Vibrionales bacteria, which include several potentially pathogenic species for fish, and the enrichment of gut microbiota composition with butyrate producer taxa. Therefore, these functional ingredients have a great potential to be used as health-promoting agents in the farming of European sea bass and other marine fish.

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          The Immune Response to Prevotella Bacteria in Chronic Inflammatory Disease.

          The microbiota plays a central role in human health and disease by shaping immune development, immune responses, metabolism, and protecting from invading pathogens. Technical advances that allow comprehensive characterization of microbial communities by genetic sequencing have sparked the hunt for disease modulating bacteria. Emerging studies in humans have linked increased abundance of Prevotella species at mucosal sites to localized and systemic disease, including periodontitis, bacterial vaginosis, rheumatoid arthritis, metabolic disorders, and low-grade systemic inflammation. Intriguingly, Prevotella abundance is reduced within the lung microbiota of asthma and COPD. Increased Prevotella abundance is associated with augmented Th17-mediated mucosal inflammation, which is in line with the marked capacity of Prevotella in driving Th17 immune responses in vitro. Studies indicate, that Prevotella predominantly activate TLR2 leading to production of Th17-polarizing cytokines by antigen presenting cells, including IL-23 and IL-1. Furthermore, Prevotella stimulate epithelial cells to produce IL-8, IL-6 and CCL20, which can promote mucosal Th17 immune responses and neutrophil recruitment. Prevotella-mediated mucosal inflammation leads to systemic dissemination of inflammatory mediators, bacteria, and bacterial products, which in turn may affect systemic disease outcomes. Studies in mice support a causal role of Prevotella as colonization experiments promote clinical and inflammatory features of human disease. When compared to strict commensal bacteria, Prevotella exhibit increased inflammatory properties as demonstrated by augmented release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells and various stromal cells. These findings indicate that some Prevotella strains may be clinically important pathobionts that can participate in human disease by promoting chronic inflammation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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            Characterization of the Action of Selected Essential Oil Components on Gram-Negative Bacteria

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              Beneficial roles of feed additives as immunostimulants in aquaculture: a review

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Methodology
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Funding acquisition
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Methodology
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Methodology
                Role: Data curationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                16 April 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 4
                : e0231494
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
                [2 ] Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Telde, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
                [3 ] Delacon Biotechnik GmbH, Steyregg, Austria
                [4 ] Biomar A/S. BioMar AS, Trondheim, Norway
                University of Illinois, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: Delacon Biotechnik GmbH, and BioMar A/S provided the functional products and diets, and support in the form of salaries for authors Alex Makol and Victoria Valdenegro, respectively, but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. This fact does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1995-263X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2823-9999
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-7951
                Article
                PONE-D-19-33132
                10.1371/journal.pone.0231494
                7162502
                32298317
                f2fd8a99-4c6d-4067-acf2-7a9fd317eda5
                © 2020 Rimoldi et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 29 November 2019
                : 24 March 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 8, Pages: 30
                Funding
                GT received an award from the Italian AGER project Fine Feed for Fish (4F), Rif. No. 2016-01-01 ( https://acquacoltura.progettoager.it) DM, and ST received an award by Spanish Government through the specific program “Subprograma Estatal de Generación de Conocimiento, en el marco del Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2013-2016” by the PROINMUNOIL PLUS (AGL2016-79725-P) project: “Functional diets for marine raw materials replacement: boosting the fish disease resistance through epithelial barriers reinforcement and immunization tools”. ST received complementary funding from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, though the “Subprogama Juan de la Cierva-Incoproración. Convocatoria 2015. IJCI-2015-25748. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, and preparation of the the manuscript. Special thanks to Delacon Biotechnik GmbH and to BioMar A/S, which provided the functional products and diets, and support in the form of salaries for authors Alex Makol and Victoria Valdenegro, respectively, but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Bioengineering
                Biotechnology
                Genetic Engineering
                Genetically Modified Organisms
                Engineering and Technology
                Bioengineering
                Biotechnology
                Genetic Engineering
                Genetically Modified Organisms
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Digestive System
                Gastrointestinal Tract
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Digestive System
                Gastrointestinal Tract
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Bacteria
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Microbiology
                Medical Microbiology
                Microbiome
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Genetics
                Genomics
                Microbial Genomics
                Microbiome
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Microbiology
                Microbial Genomics
                Microbiome
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Bacteria
                Gut Bacteria
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Microbiology
                Medical Microbiology
                Microbial Pathogens
                Bacterial Pathogens
                Clostridium
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Pathogens
                Microbial Pathogens
                Bacterial Pathogens
                Clostridium
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Bacteria
                Gut Bacteria
                Clostridium
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Agriculture
                Aquaculture
                Fish Farming
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Agriculture
                Fisheries
                Fish Farming
                Custom metadata
                All fastq sequencing files were deposited in the European Nucleotide Archive (EBI ENA) public database under the accession project code: PRJEB32279. All other relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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