46
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Intestinal Dysbiosis and Lowered Serum Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein in Parkinson’s Disease

      research-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Background

          The intestine is one of the first affected organs in Parkinson’s disease (PD). PD subjects show abnormal staining for Escherichia coli and α-synuclein in the colon.

          Methods

          We recruited 52 PD patients and 36 healthy cohabitants. We measured serum markers and quantified the numbers of 19 fecal bacterial groups/genera/species by quantitative RT-PCR of 16S or 23S rRNA. Although the six most predominant bacterial groups/genera/species covered on average 71.3% of total intestinal bacteria, our analysis was not comprehensive compared to metagenome analysis or 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing.

          Results

          In PD, the number of Lactobacillus was higher, while the sum of analyzed bacteria, Clostridium coccoides group, and Bacteroides fragilis group were lower than controls. Additionally, the sum of putative hydrogen-producing bacteria was lower in PD. A linear regression model to predict disease durations demonstrated that C. coccoides group and Lactobacillus gasseri subgroup had the largest negative and positive coefficients, respectively. As a linear regression model to predict stool frequencies showed that these bacteria were not associated with constipation, changes in these bacteria were unlikely to represent worsening of constipation in the course of progression of PD. In PD, the serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein levels were lower than controls, while the levels of serum diamine oxidase, a marker for intestinal mucosal integrity, remained unchanged in PD.

          Conclusions

          The permeability to LPS is likely to be increased without compromising the integrity of intestinal mucosa in PD. The increased intestinal permeability in PD may make the patients susceptible to intestinal dysbiosis. Conversely, intestinal dysbiosis may lead to the increased intestinal permeability. One or both of the two mechanisms may be operational in development and progression of PD.

          Related collections

          Most cited references30

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Rome III: New standard for functional gastrointestinal disorders.

          The publication in the April, 2006 issue of Gastroenterology of Rome III has made available to the scientific world an enhanced and updated version of the Rome criteria and related information on the functional GI disorders. It is expected that the criteria will be adopted and used by physicians, pharmaceuticals and regulatory agencies worldwide, just as the previous Rome II became the standard for clinical practice and research. In this issue of J Gastrointestin Liver Dis, these Guidelines, the Rome III, are presented. Also included are some of the differences between Rome II and Rome III criteria as well as the rationale for publishing this new version.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            The role of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in Parkinson's disease.

            Parkinson's disease is associated with gastrointestinal motility abnormalities favoring the occurrence of local infections. The aim of this study was to investigate whether small intestinal bacterial overgrowth contributes to the pathophysiology of motor fluctuations. Thirty-three patients and 30 controls underwent glucose, lactulose, and urea breath tests to detect small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and Helicobacter pylori infection. Patients also underwent ultrasonography to evaluate gastric emptying. The clinical status and plasma concentration of levodopa were assessed after an acute drug challenge with a standard dose of levodopa, and motor complications were assessed by Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale-IV and by 1-week diaries of motor conditions. Patients with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth were treated with rifaximin and were clinically and instrumentally reevaluated 1 and 6 months later. The prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth was significantly higher in patients than in controls (54.5% vs. 20.0%; P = .01), whereas the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection was not (33.3% vs. 26.7%). Compared with patients without any infection, the prevalence of unpredictable fluctuations was significantly higher in patients with both infections (8.3% vs. 87.5%; P = .008). Gastric half-emptying time was significantly longer in patients than in healthy controls but did not differ in patients based on their infective status. Compared with patients without isolated small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, patients with isolated small intestinal bacterial overgrowth had longer off time daily and more episodes of delayed-on and no-on. The eradication of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth resulted in improvement in motor fluctuations without affecting the pharmacokinetics of levodopa. The relapse rate of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth at 6 months was 43%. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Staging of the intracerebral inclusion body pathology associated with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (preclinical and clinical stages).

              The synucleinopathy known as idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) is a multi-system disorder in the course of which only a few predisposed nerve cell types in specific regions of the human brain become progressively involved. The underlying neuropathological process (formation of proteinaceous intraneuronal inclusion bodies) intracerebrally begins in clearly defined induction sites and advances in a topographically predictable sequence. Components of the autonomic, limbic, and motor systems sustain especially heavy damage. During the presymptomatic stages 1 and 2, the IPD-related inclusion body pathology remains confined to the medulla oblongata and olfactory bulb. In stages 3 and 4, the substantia nigra and other nuclear grays of the midbrain and basal forebrain are the focus of initially subtle and, then, severe changes. The illness reaches its symptomatic phase. In end-stages 5 and 6, the pathological process encroaches upon the telencephalic cortex. IPD manifests itself in all of its dimensions, which under the influence of the supervening cortical pathology are subject to increasing complexity.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                5 November 2015
                2015
                : 10
                : 11
                : e0142164
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
                [2 ]Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
                [3 ]Yakult Central Institute, Tokyo, Japan
                [4 ]Department of School Health Sciences, Aichi University of Education, Kariya, Japan
                Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, GERMANY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The study was funded by Yakult Central Institute. HT, TA, and KN are employed by the Yakult Central Institute. HT, TA, and KN blindly analyzed fecal samples. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. The other authors have no competing interests.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: MH KO KN. Performed the experiments: HT TA SH. Analyzed the data: TO AS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SH SG YF TM. Wrote the paper: SH KO MH. Prediction of hydrogen-producing bacteria: SH AO.

                Article
                PONE-D-15-26621
                10.1371/journal.pone.0142164
                4634857
                26539989
                f3032133-34f5-424b-8de5-026ed581c6f9
                Copyright @ 2015

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

                History
                : 17 June 2015
                : 8 September 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 2, Pages: 15
                Funding
                The study was supported by Grants-in-Aid from the MEXT and MHLW of Japan, as well as Yakult Central Institute. The funders did not have any role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The funder Yakult Central Institute provided support in the form of salaries for authors [HT, TA, and KN], but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

                Uncategorized
                Uncategorized

                Comments

                Comment on this article