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      Inflammatory mediators of coronary artery ectasia Translated title: Os mediadores inflamatórios de ectasia coronária

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          Abstract

          The exact mechanisms underlying coronary artery ectasia (CAE) remain uncertain. This study aims to investigate whether and how inflammatory mediators play a role in the pathogenesis of CAE. The data sources of this study were located by literature searches on MEDLINE, Highwire Press and Google search engine for the year range 2000-2013. The most sensitive of the four types of plasma inflammatory mediators were cell adhesion molecules and systemic inflammatory markers followed by cytokines, while proteolytic substances were the least sensitive indicators of CAE. Hypersensitive C-reaction protein, homocysteine, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, matrix metalloproteinase-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2, vascular endothelial growth factor and neopterin levels were significantly higher in CAE and coronary artery disease (CAD) patients than in controls without CAE. The percentage of granulocytes was higher in CAE, in comparison with individuals with normal coronary arteries. Polymerase chain reaction determination of angiotensin converting enzyme genotypes showed that the DD genotype was more prevalent in CAE patients than in CAD patients, while prevalence of the I allele was higher in CAD than in CAE patients. CAE is more a result of inflammatory processes than of extracellular matrix degradation, as demonstrated by investigations of plasma inflammatory mediators, activation markers and angiotensin converting enzyme genotypes. Contemporary theories are unable to explain CAE's predilection for the right coronary artery or the occurrence of multi-vessel and multi-segment involvement.

          Translated abstract

          Os mecanismos exatos da ectasia de artérias coronárias (EAC) não são completamente compreendidos. Este estudo busca verificar, em detalhes, se e como os mediadores inflamatórios funcionam na pathogenesis de EAC. A fonte de dados do presente estudo veio da recuperação de literatura das investigações relevantes em MEDLINE, na Prensa de Highwire e na ativação de pesquisa do Google, do ano 2000 para 2013. Dos quatro tipos de mediadores inflamatórios do plasma, as moléculas de adesão de célula e os marcadores inflamatórios sistêmicos foram os mais sensíveis, sendo que cytokines foram mais sensíveis e substâncias de protease foram menos sensíveis na indicação da presença de EAC. A proteína C reativa hipersensível, o homocysteine, a molécula de adesão intercelular 1, a molécula de adesão de célula vascular 1, a matriz metalloproteinase-9, o nervo inibidor de tecido de metalloproteinase-2, o fator de crescimento endothelial vascular e os níveis de neopterin foram mais altos nos pacientes com EAC do que nos controles sem EAC. A porcentagem de granulocytes foi mais alta no grupo EAC, comparando-se com os indivíduos com a artéria coronária normal. A determinação de genótipo de enzima do angiotensin-conversão utilizando-se a técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase revelou que o genótipo DD foi prevalecente na EAC, mas não nos pacientes de DAC, enquanto a presença do alelo I foi maior na DAC do que no EAC. O EAC é mais um resultado do processo inflamatório do que da degradação da matriz extracelular, como evidenciado por investigações dos mediadores inflamatórios de plasma, marcadores de ativação e genótipos de enzima do angiotensin a conversão. A predileção de EAC na artéria coronária direita e nos envolvimentos de multinavio e de multissegmento não é apurada por teorias contemporâneas.

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          Most cited references64

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          Clinical significance of coronary arterial ectasia.

          In a study group of 2,457 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac catheterization, 30 patients had coronary arterial ectasia, an irregular dilatation of major vessels up to seven times the diameter of branch vessels. The frequency of hypertension, abnormal electrocardiogram and history of myocardial infarction was greater than that in a control group with obstructive coronary artery disease. Patients with ectasia did not differ from patients with obstructive disease in sex, age, prevalence of angina or presence of metabolic abnormalities. Six deaths occurred in the group with ectasia during a mean follow-up period of 24 months (annual rate of 15 percent). Extensive destruction of the musculoelastic elements was evident, resulting in marked attenuation of the vessel wall. The short-term prognosis in this group is the same as in medically treated patients with three vessel obstructive coronary artery disease.
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            Aneurysmal coronary artery disease.

            To examine the clinical and historical features and the natural history of aneurysmal coronary disease, we reviewed the registry data of the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS). Nine hundred seventy-eight patients, representing 4.9% of the total registry population, were identified as having aneurysmal disease. No significant differences were noted between aneurysmal and nonaneurysmal coronary disease patients when features such as hypertension, diabetes, lipid abnormalities, family history, cigarette consumption, incidence of documented myocardial infarction, presence and severity of angina, and presence of peripheral vascular disease were examined. In addition, no difference in 5-year medical survival was noted between these two groups. These findings suggest that aneurysmal coronary disease does not represent a distinct clinical entity but is, rather, a variant of coronary atherosclerosis.
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              Pathogenetic mechanisms of coronary ectasia.

              Coronary ectasia is defined as local or generalized aneurysmal dilatation of the coronary arteries. The present review summarizes the molecular, cellular and vascular mechanisms which are involved in the pathobiology of coronary ectasia. Coronary ectasia likely represents an exaggerated form of expansive vascular remodeling (i.e. excessive expansive remodeling) in response to atherosclerotic plaque growth. Enzymatic degradation of the extracellular matrix of the media is the major pathophysiologic process that leads to ectasia. Atherosclerotic lesions within ectatic regions of the coronary arteries appear to be highly inflamed high-risk plaques with proclivity to rupture. Better understanding of the pathogenetic processes involved in coronary ectasia is anticipated that will provide a further insight into the clinical significance and natural history of this entity, and may also have direct clinical implications in the management and follow-up strategy of this condition.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                jvb
                Jornal Vascular Brasileiro
                J. vasc. bras.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e de Cirurgia Vascular (SBACV) (Porto Alegre )
                1677-7301
                September 2014
                : 13
                : 3
                : 198-207
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Fujian Medical University China
                Article
                S1677-54492014000300198
                10.1590/jvb.2014.027
                f3232181-0774-430b-8ec5-627ff9f66a13

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1677-5449&lng=en
                Categories
                CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS
                PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE
                SURGERY

                Surgery,Cardiovascular Medicine
                aneurisma coronário;,coronary aneurysm,extracellular matrix,inflammation mediators,matriz extracelular;,mediadores de inflamação

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