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      Biofilm infections, their resilience to therapy and innovative treatment strategies.

      1 ,
      Journal of internal medicine
      Wiley

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          Abstract

          Biofilm formation of microorganisms causes persistent tissue and foreign body infections resistant to treatment with antimicrobial agents. Up to 80% of human bacterial infections are biofilm associated; such infections are most frequently caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacteria such as Escherichia coli. The accurate diagnosis of biofilm infections is often difficult, which prevents the appropriate choice of treatment. As biofilm infections significantly contribute to patient morbidity and substantial healthcare costs, novel strategies to treat these infections are urgently required. Nucleotide second messengers, c-di-GMP, (p)ppGpp and potentially c-di-AMP, are major regulators of biofilm formation and associated antibiotic tolerance. Consequently, different components of these signalling networks might be appropriate targets for antibiofilm therapy in combination with antibiotic treatment strategies. In addition, cyclic di-nucleotides are microbial-associated molecular patterns with an almost universal presence. Their conserved structures sensed by the eukaryotic host have a widespread effect on the immune system. Thus, cyclic di-nucleotides are also potential immunotherapeutic agents to treat antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          J Intern Med
          Journal of internal medicine
          Wiley
          1365-2796
          0954-6820
          Dec 2012
          : 272
          : 6
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. ute.romling@ki.se
          Article
          10.1111/joim.12004
          23025745
          f3288dde-f455-453a-b2c4-903f44859a78
          © 2012 The Association for the Publication of the Journal of Internal Medicine.
          History

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