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      A review on mechanism and future perspectives of cadmium-resistant bacteria

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          A global assessment of natural sources of atmospheric trace metals

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            Microbial resistance to metals in the environment.

            Many microorganisms demonstrate resistance to metals in water, soil and industrial waste. Genes located on chromosomes, plasmids, or transposons encode specific resistance to a variety of metal ions. Some metals, such as cobalt, copper, nickel, serve as micronutrients and are used for redox processes, to stabilize molecules through electrostatic interactions, as components of various enzymes, and for regulation of osmotic pressure. Most metals are nonessential, have no nutrient value, and are potentially toxic to microorganisms. These toxic metals interact with essential cellular components through covalent and ionic bonding. At high levels, both essential and nonessential metals can damage cell membranes, alter enzyme specificity, disrupt cellular functions, and damage the structure of DNA. Microorganisms have adapted to the presence of both nutrient and nonessential metals by developing a variety of resistance mechanisms. Six metal resistance mechanisms exist: exclusion by permeability barrier, intra- and extra-cellular sequestration, active transport efflux pumps, enzymatic detoxification, and reduction in the sensitivity of cellular targets to metal ions. The understanding of how microorganisms resist metals can provide insight into strategies for their detoxification or removal from the environment. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.
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              Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: molecular and genetic decoding.

              Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPCs) were first identified in 1996 in the USA. Since then, regional outbreaks of KPC-producing K. pneumoniae (KPC-Kp) have occurred in the USA, and have spread internationally. Dissemination of blaKPC involves both horizontal transfer of blaKPC genes and plasmids, and clonal spread. Of epidemiological significance, the international spread of KPC-producing K. pneumoniae is primarily associated with a single multilocus sequence type (ST), ST258, and its related variants. However, the molecular factors contributing to the success of ST258 largely remain unclear. In this review, we discuss the recent progresses in understanding KPC-producing K. pneumoniae that are contributing to our knowledge of plasmid and genome composition and structure among the KPC epidemic clone, and we identify possible factors that influence its epidemiological success. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology
                Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.
                Springer Science and Business Media LLC
                1735-1472
                1735-2630
                January 2018
                July 18 2017
                January 2018
                : 15
                : 1
                : 243-262
                Article
                10.1007/s13762-017-1400-5
                f378a926-1ded-48ca-9e77-22f670b26e20
                © 2018

                http://www.springer.com/tdm

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