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      RNA-Seq of Tumor-Educated Platelets Enables Blood-Based Pan-Cancer, Multiclass, and Molecular Pathway Cancer Diagnostics

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          Summary

          Tumor-educated blood platelets (TEPs) are implicated as central players in the systemic and local responses to tumor growth, thereby altering their RNA profile. We determined the diagnostic potential of TEPs by mRNA sequencing of 283 platelet samples. We distinguished 228 patients with localized and metastasized tumors from 55 healthy individuals with 96% accuracy. Across six different tumor types, the location of the primary tumor was correctly identified with 71% accuracy. Also, MET or HER2-positive, and mutant KRAS, EGFR, or PIK3CA tumors were accurately distinguished using surrogate TEP mRNA profiles. Our results indicate that blood platelets provide a valuable platform for pan-cancer, multiclass cancer, and companion diagnostics, possibly enabling clinical advances in blood-based “liquid biopsies”.

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          Highlights

          • Tumors “educate” platelets (TEPs) by altering the platelet RNA profile

          • TEPs provide a RNA biosource for pan-cancer, multiclass, and companion diagnostics

          • TEP-based liquid biopsies may guide clinical diagnostics and therapy selection

          • A total of 100–500 pg of total platelet RNA is sufficient for TEP-based diagnostics

          Abstract

          Best et al. show that mRNA sequencing of tumor-educated blood platelets distinguishes cancer patients from healthy individuals with 96% accuracy, differentiates between six primary tumor types of patients with 71% accuracy, and identifies several genetic alterations found in tumors.

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          Most cited references35

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          Multiplatform analysis of 12 cancer types reveals molecular classification within and across tissues of origin.

          Recent genomic analyses of pathologically defined tumor types identify "within-a-tissue" disease subtypes. However, the extent to which genomic signatures are shared across tissues is still unclear. We performed an integrative analysis using five genome-wide platforms and one proteomic platform on 3,527 specimens from 12 cancer types, revealing a unified classification into 11 major subtypes. Five subtypes were nearly identical to their tissue-of-origin counterparts, but several distinct cancer types were found to converge into common subtypes. Lung squamous, head and neck, and a subset of bladder cancers coalesced into one subtype typified by TP53 alterations, TP63 amplifications, and high expression of immune and proliferation pathway genes. Of note, bladder cancers split into three pan-cancer subtypes. The multiplatform classification, while correlated with tissue-of-origin, provides independent information for predicting clinical outcomes. All data sets are available for data-mining from a unified resource to support further biological discoveries and insights into novel therapeutic strategies. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Detection of mutations in EGFR in circulating lung-cancer cells.

            The use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors to target the epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR) in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer is effective but limited by the emergence of drug-resistance mutations. Molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells may provide a strategy for noninvasive serial monitoring of tumor genotypes during treatment. We captured highly purified circulating tumor cells from the blood of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer using a microfluidic device containing microposts coated with antibodies against epithelial cells. We performed EGFR mutational analysis on DNA recovered from circulating tumor cells using allele-specific polymerase-chain-reaction amplification and compared the results with those from concurrently isolated free plasma DNA and from the original tumor-biopsy specimens. We isolated circulating tumor cells from 27 patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (median number, 74 cells per milliliter). We identified the expected EGFR activating mutation in circulating tumor cells from 11 of 12 patients (92%) and in matched free plasma DNA from 4 of 12 patients (33%) (P=0.009). We detected the T790M mutation, which confers drug resistance, in circulating tumor cells collected from patients with EGFR mutations who had received tyrosine kinase inhibitors. When T790M was detectable in pretreatment tumor-biopsy specimens, the presence of the mutation correlated with reduced progression-free survival (7.7 months vs. 16.5 months, P<0.001). Serial analysis of circulating tumor cells showed that a reduction in the number of captured cells was associated with a radiographic tumor response; an increase in the number of cells was associated with tumor progression, with the emergence of additional EGFR mutations in some cases. Molecular analysis of circulating tumor cells from the blood of patients with lung cancer offers the possibility of monitoring changes in epithelial tumor genotypes during the course of treatment. 2008 Massachusetts Medical Society
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              The tumour-induced systemic environment as a critical regulator of cancer progression and metastasis.

              Recent pre-clinical and clinical research has provided evidence that cancer progression is driven not only by a tumour's underlying genetic alterations and paracrine interactions within the tumour microenvironment, but also by complex systemic processes. We review these emerging paradigms of cancer pathophysiology and discuss how a clearer understanding of systemic regulation of cancer progression could guide development of new therapeutic modalities and efforts to prevent disease relapse following initial diagnosis and treatment.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Cancer Cell
                Cancer Cell
                Cancer Cell
                Cell Press
                1535-6108
                1878-3686
                09 November 2015
                09 November 2015
                : 28
                : 5
                : 666-676
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
                [2 ]Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
                [3 ]Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
                [4 ]Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
                [5 ]Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
                [6 ]thromboDx B.V., 1098 EA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
                [7 ]Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
                [8 ]Department of Pulmonary Diseases, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
                [9 ]Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
                [10 ]Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden
                [11 ]Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
                Author notes
                []Corresponding author t.wurdinger@ 123456vumc.nl
                [12]

                Co-senior author

                Article
                S1535-6108(15)00349-9
                10.1016/j.ccell.2015.09.018
                4644263
                26525104
                f390513b-33fb-4f6c-8bcb-d64f94bed9e8
                © 2015 The Authors

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 23 March 2015
                : 2 July 2015
                : 25 September 2015
                Categories
                Article

                Oncology & Radiotherapy
                Oncology & Radiotherapy

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