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      Cutaneous mycobiota of boid snakes kept in captivity Translated title: Microbiota cutânea de serpentes Boidae mantidas em cativeiro

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Boids are large, constrictor snakes that feed mostly on mammals, reptiles, and birds. These animals are commonly raised as pets, and their improper handling can favor the emergence of fungal infections, which can lead to dermatological diseases that are undiagnosed in nature. Here, we isolate and identify the filamentous fungi that compose the mycobiota of the scales of boid snakes kept in captivity at the Biological Museum of the Butantan Institute. Thirty individuals of four species were evaluated: four Eunectes murinus, twelve Boa constrictor constrictor, seven Corallus hortulanus, and seven Epicrates crassus. Microbiological samples were collected by rubbing small square carpets on the snake scales. We isolated five genera of fungi: Penicillium sp. (30%), Aspergillus sp. (25%), Mucor sp. (25%), Acremonium sp. (10%), and Scopulariopsis sp. (10%). Approximately half of the snakes evaluated had filamentous fungi on the scales, but only 12% of the individuals were colonized by more than one fungal genus. We found no dermatophytes in the evaluated species. Our results provide an overview of the fungal mycobiota of the population of boids kept in the Biological Museum, allowing the identification of possible pathogens.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO Boidae são serpentes grandes e constritoras, que comem normalmente mamíferos, répteis e aves. São comumente criadas como animais de estimação, e seu manuseio inadequado pode favorecer infecções fúngicas emergentes, as quais podem causar doenças dermatológicas que não são diagnosticadas na natureza. Foram isolados e identificados os fungos filamentosos da microbiota das escamas das serpentes Boidae mantidas em cativeiro no Museu Biológico do Instituto Butantan. Trinta indivíduos de quatro espécies foram avaliados: quatro Eunectes murinus, 12 Boa constrictor constrictor, sete Corallus hortulanus e sete Epicrates crassus. As amostras microbiológicas foram coletadas por fricção, em pequenos quadrados de carpete das escamas das serpentes. Isolaram-se cinco gêneros de fungos: Penicillium sp. (30%), Aspergillus sp. (25%), Mucor sp. (25%), Acremonium sp. (10%) e Scopulariopsis sp. (10%). Aproximadamente metade das serpentes avaliadas tinham fungos filamentosos nas escamas e apenas 12% dos indivíduos foram colonizados por mais de um gênero. Não foram encontrados dermatófitos nas espécies avaliadas. Os resultados mostraram uma visão geral da microbiota fúngica da população de boídeos mantidos no Museu Biológico, o que permitiu a identificação de possíveis patógenos.

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          Most cited references13

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          Salmonella in Brazilian and imported pet reptiles

          The presence of salmonellae in fecal samples or cloacal swabs of 97 pet reptiles (15 snakes, 24 lizards and 58 chelonians) was investigated. Thirty seven animals had national origin and 60 were imported. Salmonella spp was detected in 39.1% of the reptiles, being 62.5% in lizards, 53.3% in snakes and 25.8% in chelonians. Strains belonged to subspecies I (44.7%), II (10.5%), IIIa (5.2%), IIIb (21.0%) and IV (18.5%) of the enterica species, with predominance (55.3%) of subspecies usually found in cold-blooded animals (II to IV). In the subspecies I, the serovars Albany, Enteritidis and Typhimurium predominated. The Trachemys scripta elegans imported turtles corresponded to 93.3% (14/15) of the salmonellae-positive chelonians. The national iguanas presented a high rate of colonization (77.7% - 7/9). These animals pose a potencial risk to the human health, demanding sanitary control and more information to the public.
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            Fungal diseases of reptiles.

            Fungal infections affecting the integumentary system, the upper and lower respiratory system and the gastro-intestinal tract have been reported in many species of captive reptiles. Systemic mycoses are diagnosed rarely in reptiles, and in most cases, they are a postmortem finding. Commonly, immunocompromised reptiles, kept in suboptimal environmental conditions are affected. In many cases, mixed bacterial and fungal infections of opportunistic organisms may be present. A diagnosis of a primary fungal infection is based on proper selection and collection of diagnostic specimens such as biopsies of infected tissues. Treatment of fungal infections in reptiles includes administration of effective antifungal agents and correction of inappropriate environmental conditions such as poor hygiene, too high or too low temperature and humidity, inadequate diet, and stress from overcrowding. Few studies have investigated effective dosages and dosage intervals of antifungal agents in reptiles.
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              Activity patterns, temperature, relationships, and habitat utilization in Corallus enydris (Serpentes Boidae) on Grenada

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                abmvz
                Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia
                Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec.
                Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Veterinária (Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil )
                0102-0935
                1678-4162
                August 2019
                : 71
                : 4
                : 1093-1099
                Affiliations
                [1] São Paulo São Paulo orgnameUniversidade Cruzeiro do Sul orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Brazil
                [3] orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Brazil
                [2] São Paulo São Paulo orgnameInstituto Butantan Brazil
                Article
                S0102-09352019000401093
                10.1590/1678-4162-1099
                f3b1e9c8-3d7a-4c1c-880c-68b105cc4754

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 17 January 2019
                : 30 December 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Veterinary Medicine

                fungos,fungi,microbiology,filamentous,reptiles,microbiologia,filamentosos,répteis

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