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      Local Body Composition Is Associated with Gender Differences of Bone Development at the Forearm in Puberty

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          Abstract

          Background/Aims: The present analyses intend to clarify if gender and puberty modify the relationship between bone development (modeling and remodeling) and fat mass at the forearm. Methods: Data were collected from participants (139 males, 157 females, age = 5–19 years) of the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed study in a cross-sectional investigation. The main outcome measures were total and trabecular bone mineral density (BMDtot and BMDtrab), strength strain index (SSI) and parameters associated with modeling (cortical area, CA; periosteal circumference, CP) and remodeling (cortical bone mineral density, BMDcort, endosteal circumference, CE) were analyzed in their relationship to cross-sectional fat (FA) and muscle area (MA) at the forearm. Results: BMDtot was correlated with FA in pubertal males (r = –0.25). BMDtrab was contrarily predicted by FA in pubertal males and females (r = –0.28 vs. 0.31). FA was correlated with BMDcort (r = –0.32) and CE (r = 0.26) in pubertal females. MA was positively correlated with CA, CP and SSI. Conclusions: Modeling and bone strength were primarily predicted by MA. Markers of remodeling were positively correlated with FA in pubertal females, but not in prepubertal individuals and pubertal males. Therefore, gender and puberty modify the relationship between FA and bone development.

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          Leptin Inhibits Bone Formation through a Hypothalamic Relay

          Patricia Ducy, Jianhe Shen, Charles Vinson … (2000)
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            Serum leptin level is a regulator of bone mass.

            F. Elefteriou, S. Takeda, K Ebihara … (2004)
            Leptin is a powerful inhibitor of bone formation in vivo. This antiosteogenic function involves leptin binding to its receptors on ventromedial hypothalamic neurons, the autonomous nervous system and beta-adrenergic receptors on osteoblasts. However, the mechanisms whereby leptin controls the function of ventromedial hypothalamic antiosteogenic neurons remain unclear. In this study, we compared the ability of leptin to regulate body weight and bone mass and show that leptin antiosteogenic and anorexigenic functions are affected by similar amounts of leptin. Using a knock-in of LacZ in the leptin locus, we failed to detect any leptin synthesis in the central nervous system. However, increasing serum leptin level, even dramatically, reduced bone mass. Conversely, reducing serum-free leptin level by overexpressing a soluble receptor for leptin increased bone mass. Congruent with these results, the high bone mass of lipodystrophic mice could be corrected by restoring serum leptin level, suggesting that leptin is an adipocyte product both necessary and sufficient to control bone mass. Consistent with the high bone mass phenotype of lipodystrophic mice, we observed an advanced bone age, an indirect reflection of premature bone formation, in lipodystrophic patients. Taken together, these results indicate that adipocyte-derived circulating leptin is a determinant of bone formation and suggests that leptin antiosteogenic function is conserved in vertebrates.
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              A new member of tumor necrosis factor ligand family, ODF/OPGL/TRANCE/RANKL, regulates osteoclast differentiation and function.

              N Takahashi, N Udagawa, T Suda (1999)
              Osteoclasts, the multinucleated giant cells that resorb bone, develop from monocyte-macrophage lineage cells. Osteoblasts or bone marrow stromal cells have been suggested to be involved in osteoclastic bone resorption. The recent discovery of new members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-ligand family has elucidated the precise mechanism by which osteoblasts/stromal cells regulate osteoclast differentiation and function. Osteoblasts/stromal cells express a new member of the TNF-ligand family "osteoclast differentiation factor(ODF)/osteoprotegerin ligand (OPGL)/TNF-related activation-induced cytokine (TRANCE)/receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL)" as a membrane associated factor. Osteoclast precursors which possess RANK, a TNF receptor family member, recognize ODF/OPGL/TRANCE/RANKL through cell-to-cell interaction with osteoblasts/stromal cells, and differentiate into osteoclasts in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Mature osteoclasts also express RANK, and their bone-resorbingactivity is also induced by ODF/OPGL/TRANCE/RANKL which osteoblasts/stromal cells possess. Osteoprotegerin (OPG)/osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (OCIF)/TNF receptor-like molecule 1 (TR1) is a soluble decoy receptor for ODF/OPGL/TRANCE/RANKL. Activation of NF-kB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase through the RANK-mediated signaling system appears to be involved in differentiation and activation of osteoclasts. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): HRE
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Horm Res Paediatr
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.1663-2818
                Title: Hormone Research in Paediatrics
                Publisher: S. Karger AG
                ISSN (Print): 1663-2818
                ISSN (Electronic): 1663-2826
                Publication date Subscription-year: 2008
                Publication date (Print): August 2008
                Publication date (Electronic): 12 June 2008
                Volume: 70
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 105-111
                Affiliations
                aChildren’s Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, and bResearch Institute of Child Nutrition, Dortmund, Germany; cDepartment of Pediatrics, Second Medical Faculty, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
                Article
                Publisher ID: 139153 Other ID: Horm Res 2008;70:105–111
                DOI: 10.1159/000139153
                PubMed ID: 18547958
                SO-VID: f3bfcfc8-6e0f-44d5-94da-ddc55eb7e2bd
                Copyright © © 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel
                License:

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                Date received : 02 August 2007
                Date accepted : 10 December 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 4, References: 29, Pages: 7
                Categories
                Subject: Original Paper

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Endocrinology & Diabetes,Neurology,Nutrition & Dietetics,Sexual medicine,Internal medicine,Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: Cross-sectional fat area,Bone strength,Remodeling,Cross-sectional muscle area,Modeling
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Endocrinology & Diabetes, Neurology, Nutrition & Dietetics, Sexual medicine, Internal medicine, Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: Cross-sectional fat area, Bone strength, Remodeling, Cross-sectional muscle area, Modeling

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