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      Nanoporous Carbon Materials Derived from Washnut Seed with Enhanced Supercapacitance

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          Abstract

          Nanoporous activated carbons-derived from agro-waste have been useful as suitable and scalable low-cost electrode materials in supercapacitors applications because of their better surface area and porosity compared to the commercial activated carbons. In this paper, the production of nanoporous carbons by zinc chloride activation of Washnut seed at different temperatures (400–1000 °C) and their electrochemical supercapacitance performances in aqueous electrolyte (1 M H 2SO 4) are reported. The prepared nanoporous carbon materials exhibit hierarchical micro- and meso-pore architectures. The surface area and porosity increase with the carbonization temperature and achieved the highest values at 800 °C. The surface area was found in the range of 922–1309 m 2 g −1. Similarly, pore volume was found in the range of 0.577–0.789 cm 3 g −1. The optimal sample obtained at 800 °C showed excellent electrochemical energy storage supercapacitance performance. Specific capacitance of the electrode was calculated 225.1 F g −1 at a low current density of 1 A g −1. An observed 69.6% capacitance retention at 20 A g −1 indicates a high-rate capability of the electrode materials. The cycling stability test up to 10,000 cycles revealed the outstanding stability of 98%. The fascinating surface textural properties with outstanding electrochemical performance reveal that Washnut seed would be a feasible agro-waste precursor to prepare nanoporous carbon materials as a low-cost and scalable supercapacitor electrode.

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          Most cited references52

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          Materials science. Electrochemical capacitors for energy management.

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            Electrochemical capacitors: mechanism, materials, systems, characterization and applications.

            Electrochemical capacitors (i.e. supercapacitors) include electrochemical double-layer capacitors that depend on the charge storage of ion adsorption and pseudo-capacitors that are based on charge storage involving fast surface redox reactions. The energy storage capacities of supercapacitors are several orders of magnitude higher than those of conventional dielectric capacitors, but are much lower than those of secondary batteries. They typically have high power density, long cyclic stability and high safety, and thus can be considered as an alternative or complement to rechargeable batteries in applications that require high power delivery or fast energy harvesting. This article reviews the latest progress in supercapacitors in charge storage mechanisms, electrode materials, electrolyte materials, systems, characterization methods, and applications. In particular, the newly developed charge storage mechanism for intercalative pseudocapacitive behaviour, which bridges the gap between battery behaviour and conventional pseudocapacitive behaviour, is also clarified for comparison. Finally, the prospects and challenges associated with supercapacitors in practical applications are also discussed.
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              Design and Mechanisms of Asymmetric Supercapacitors

              Ongoing technological advances in diverse fields including portable electronics, transportation, and green energy are often hindered by the insufficient capability of energy-storage devices. By taking advantage of two different electrode materials, asymmetric supercapacitors can extend their operating voltage window beyond the thermodynamic decomposition voltage of electrolytes while enabling a solution to the energy storage limitations of symmetric supercapacitors. This review provides comprehensive knowledge to this field. We first look at the essential energy-storage mechanisms and performance evaluation criteria for asymmetric supercapacitors to understand the wide-ranging research conducted in this area. Then we move to the recent progress made for the design and fabrication of electrode materials and the overall structure of asymmetric supercapacitors in different categories. We also highlight several key scientific challenges and present our perspectives on enhancing the electrochemical performance of future asymmetric supercapacitors.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Materials (Basel)
                Materials (Basel)
                materials
                Materials
                MDPI
                1996-1944
                21 May 2020
                May 2020
                : 13
                : 10
                : 2371
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Chemistry, Amrit Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44613, Nepal; swagatstha@ 123456gmail.com (R.L.S.); timilastha@ 123456gmail.com (T.S.)
                [2 ]Department of Chemistry, Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal; tamrakar_birendra@ 123456hotmail.com
                [3 ]International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan; MAJI.Subrata@ 123456nims.go.jp (S.M.); ARIGA.Katsuhiko@ 123456nims.go.jp (K.A.)
                [4 ]Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: rekhashrestha3@ 123456hotmail.com (R.G.S.); SHRESTHA.Lokkumar@ 123456nims.go.jp (L.K.S.); Tel.: +81-29-860-4809 (L.K.S.)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6598-5291
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2445-2955
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2680-6291
                Article
                materials-13-02371
                10.3390/ma13102371
                7287766
                32455649
                f403f95e-5cf1-4f2d-b9e6-3e9831f82213
                © 2020 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 21 April 2020
                : 19 May 2020
                Categories
                Article

                washnut seed,chemical activation,micro/mesoporous carbon,supercapacitor

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