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      Revision of Neotropical Scythrididae moths and descriptions of 22 new species from Argentina, Chile, and Peru (Lepidoptera, Gelechioidea)

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      Author(s): 1 , 2 ,
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: ZooKeys
      Publisher: Pensoft Publishers
      Keywords: Biodiversity, COI phylogeny, DNA barcode, morphology, new species

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          Abstract

          The taxonomy of South American Scythrididae ( Lepidoptera : Gelechioidea ) is revised, based on external morphology, genitalia, male abdominal segment VIII, and DNA barcodes using genetic distances, BINs, and a tentative molecular phylogeny. Data include both historical and fresh specimens from Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, and Peru. Thirty-four species are recognised as valid, and the fauna classified in three genera. Type specimens and morphology of all species are described and figured in detail. DNA barcode sequences of the COI gene were successful for 22 species, the average genetic divergence between species being 5.1%. A key to Neotropical Scythrididae species is provided, based on the male genitalia and abdominal segment VIII, which show most and easily accessible interspecific differences.

          Our study revealed that the Scythridae fauna of South America is more or less completely unknown. As a result, 22 new species are described, increasing the number of South American Scythrididae species from 13 to 34. All new species are authored by Kari Nupponen (incertae sedis means the genus combination is uncertain and needs further research, country of the type locality is given in parentheses): Rhamphura subdimota sp. nov. (Argentina), R. pozohondaensis sp. nov. (Argentina), R. spiniuncus sp. nov. (Argentina), R. angulisociella sp. nov. incertae sedis (Argentina), R. curvisociella sp. nov. incertae sedis (Argentina), R. tetrafasciella sp. nov. incertae sedis (Argentina), Landryia ankylosauroides sp. nov. incertae sedis (Argentina), L. chilensis sp. nov. incertae sedis (Chile), Scythris directiphallella sp. nov. (Argentina), S. furciphallella sp. nov. (Argentina), S. manchaoensis sp. nov. (Argentina), S. salinasgrandensis sp. nov. (Argentina), S. angustivalvella sp. nov. (Argentina), S. caimancitoensis sp. nov. (Argentina), S. lequetepequensis sp. nov. (Peru), S. sanfriscoensis sp. nov. (Argentina), S. tigrensis sp. nov. (Argentina), S. bicoloristrigella sp. nov. incertae sedis (Argentina), S. saldaitisi sp. nov. incertae sedis (Argentina), S. wikstromi sp. nov. incertae sedis (Argentina), S. andensis sp. nov. incertae sedis (Argentina), S. mendozaensis sp. nov. incertae sedis (Argentina).

          The following new combinations are proposed: Scythris depressa Meyrick, 1931 and Scythris dimota Meyrick, 1931 are transferred from Scythris Hübner, 1825 to Rhamphura Landry, 1991 comb. nov. Three species classified in Scythris earlier are now classified as Scythris (incertae sedis): Scythris dividua Meyrick, 1916, S. medullata Meyrick, 1916 and S. notorrhoa Meyrick, 1921. The taxon Syntetrernis neocompsa Meyrick, 1933, recently classified in Scythrididae : Scythris , is excluded from Scythrididae and it is now classified in Cosmopterigidae incertae sedis.

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          ModelFinder: Fast Model Selection for Accurate Phylogenetic Estimates

          Subha Kalyaanamoorthy, Bui Minh, Thomas Wong … (2017)
          Model-based molecular phylogenetics plays an important role in comparisons of genomic data, and model selection is a key step in all such analyses. We present ModelFinder, a fast model-selection method that greatly improves the accuracy of phylogenetic estimates. The improvement is achieved by incorporating a model of rate-heterogeneity across sites not previously considered in this context, and by allowing concurrent searches of model-space and tree-space.
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            MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0.

            Koichiro Tamura, Glen Stecher, Daniel Walter Peterson … (2013)
            We announce the release of an advanced version of the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software, which currently contains facilities for building sequence alignments, inferring phylogenetic histories, and conducting molecular evolutionary analysis. In version 6.0, MEGA now enables the inference of timetrees, as it implements the RelTime method for estimating divergence times for all branching points in a phylogeny. A new Timetree Wizard in MEGA6 facilitates this timetree inference by providing a graphical user interface (GUI) to specify the phylogeny and calibration constraints step-by-step. This version also contains enhanced algorithms to search for the optimal trees under evolutionary criteria and implements a more advanced memory management that can double the size of sequence data sets to which MEGA can be applied. Both GUI and command-line versions of MEGA6 can be downloaded from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
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              Ultrafast Approximation for Phylogenetic Bootstrap

              Bui Minh, Minh Nguyen, Arndt von Haeseler (2013)
              Nonparametric bootstrap has been a widely used tool in phylogenetic analysis to assess the clade support of phylogenetic trees. However, with the rapidly growing amount of data, this task remains a computational bottleneck. Recently, approximation methods such as the RAxML rapid bootstrap (RBS) and the Shimodaira–Hasegawa-like approximate likelihood ratio test have been introduced to speed up the bootstrap. Here, we suggest an ultrafast bootstrap approximation approach (UFBoot) to compute the support of phylogenetic groups in maximum likelihood (ML) based trees. To achieve this, we combine the resampling estimated log-likelihood method with a simple but effective collection scheme of candidate trees. We also propose a stopping rule that assesses the convergence of branch support values to automatically determine when to stop collecting candidate trees. UFBoot achieves a median speed up of 3.1 (range: 0.66–33.3) to 10.2 (range: 1.32–41.4) compared with RAxML RBS for real DNA and amino acid alignments, respectively. Moreover, our extensive simulations show that UFBoot is robust against moderate model violations and the support values obtained appear to be relatively unbiased compared with the conservative standard bootstrap. This provides a more direct interpretation of the bootstrap support. We offer an efficient and easy-to-use software (available at http://www.cibiv.at/software/iqtree) to perform the UFBoot analysis with ML tree inference.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Pasi Sihvonen:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2237-9325
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Zookeys
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Zookeys
                Journal ID (publisher-id): 2
                Journal ID (index): urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:45048D35-BB1D-5CE8-9668-537E44BD4C7E
                Journal ID (aggregator): urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:91BD42D4-90F1-4B45-9350-EEF175B1727A
                Title: ZooKeys
                Publisher: Pensoft Publishers
                ISSN (Print): 1313-2989
                ISSN (Electronic): 1313-2970
                Publication date Collection: 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 February 2022
                Volume: 1087
                Pages: 19-104
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Merenneidontie 19 D, FI-02320 Espoo, Finland Unaffiliated Espoo Finland
                [2 ] Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 17, Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Pasi Sihvonen ( pasi.sihvonen@ 123456helsinki.fi )

                Academic editor: E. J. van Nieukerken

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2237-9325
                Article
                Publisher ID: 64382
                DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1087.64382
                PMC ID: 8888540
                PubMed ID: 35437365
                SO-VID: f43302a6-bcd4-41a7-b442-0a0e1e3b4c0f
                Copyright © Kari Nupponen, Pasi Sihvonen
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 13 February 2021
                Date accepted : 31 January 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: Academy of Finland 501100002341 http://doi.org/10.13039/501100002341
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Animalia
                Subject: Arthropoda
                Subject: Gelechioidea
                Subject: Hexapoda
                Subject: Insecta
                Subject: Invertebrata
                Subject: Lepidoptera
                Subject: Scythrididae
                Subject: Systematics
                Subject: Taxonomy
                Subject: Cenozoic
                Subject: Neogene
                Subject: Americas

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology
                Keywords: biodiversity,coi phylogeny,dna barcode,morphology,new species
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology
                Keywords: biodiversity, coi phylogeny, dna barcode, morphology, new species

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