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      Emerging infectious disease outbreaks: Old lessons and new challenges for obstetrician-gynecologists

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Objective

          The purpose of this study was to summarize 3 recent high-profile infectious disease threats that have affected the United States: severe acute respiratory syndrome, West Nile virus, and anthrax.

          Study design

          A systematic review was conducted with the use of Medline searches, searches of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website, and review by experts at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

          Results

          The 3 emerging infectious diseases pose very different threats: Severe acute respiratory syndrome is a newly identified pathogen that caused an international pandemic; the West Nile virus investigation involved an old pathogen that was identified in a new location; and the anthrax attacks involved the intentional introduction of a pathogen.

          Conclusion

          All 3 outbreaks highlight the importance of obstetrician-gynecologists keeping current with new information as it emerges. In this global environment, it is likely that novel disease threats will continue to emerge in the United States.

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          Most cited references70

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          Identification of a Novel Coronavirus in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

          Christian Drosten, Stephan Günther, Wolfgang Preiser … (2003)
          The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has recently been identified as a new clinical entity. SARS is thought to be caused by an unknown infectious agent. Clinical specimens from patients with SARS were searched for unknown viruses with the use of cell cultures and molecular techniques. A novel coronavirus was identified in patients with SARS. The virus was isolated in cell culture, and a sequence 300 nucleotides in length was obtained by a polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR)-based random-amplification procedure. Genetic characterization indicated that the virus is only distantly related to known coronaviruses (identical in 50 to 60 percent of the nucleotide sequence). On the basis of the obtained sequence, conventional and real-time PCR assays for specific and sensitive detection of the novel virus were established. Virus was detected in a variety of clinical specimens from patients with SARS but not in controls. High concentrations of viral RNA of up to 100 million molecules per milliliter were found in sputum. Viral RNA was also detected at extremely low concentrations in plasma during the acute phase and in feces during the late convalescent phase. Infected patients showed seroconversion on the Vero cells in which the virus was isolated. The novel coronavirus might have a role in causing SARS. Copyright 2003 Massachusetts Medical Society
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            A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome.

            Thomas G Ksiazek, Dean Erdman, Cynthia Goldsmith … (2003)
            A worldwide outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has been associated with exposures originating from a single ill health care worker from Guangdong Province, China. We conducted studies to identify the etiologic agent of this outbreak. We received clinical specimens from patients in seven countries and tested them, using virus-isolation techniques, electron-microscopical and histologic studies, and molecular and serologic assays, in an attempt to identify a wide range of potential pathogens. None of the previously described respiratory pathogens were consistently identified. However, a novel coronavirus was isolated from patients who met the case definition of SARS. Cytopathological features were noted in Vero E6 cells inoculated with a throat-swab specimen. Electron-microscopical examination revealed ultrastructural features characteristic of coronaviruses. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining revealed reactivity with group I coronavirus polyclonal antibodies. Consensus coronavirus primers designed to amplify a fragment of the polymerase gene by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to obtain a sequence that clearly identified the isolate as a unique coronavirus only distantly related to previously sequenced coronaviruses. With specific diagnostic RT-PCR primers we identified several identical nucleotide sequences in 12 patients from several locations, a finding consistent with a point-source outbreak. Indirect fluorescence antibody tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays made with the new isolate have been used to demonstrate a virus-specific serologic response. This virus may never before have circulated in the U.S. population. A novel coronavirus is associated with this outbreak, and the evidence indicates that this virus has an etiologic role in SARS. Because of the death of Dr. Carlo Urbani, we propose that our first isolate be named the Urbani strain of SARS-associated coronavirus. Copyright 2003 Massachusetts Medical Society
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              Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS coronavirus from animals in southern China.

              Y Guan (2003)
              A novel coronavirus (SCoV) is the etiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). SCoV-like viruses were isolated from Himalayan palm civets found in a live-animal market in Guangdong, China. Evidence of virus infection was also detected in other animals (including a raccoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides) and in humans working at the same market. All the animal isolates retain a 29-nucleotide sequence that is not found in most human isolates. The detection of SCoV-like viruses in small, live wild mammals in a retail market indicates a route of interspecies transmission, although the natural reservoir is not known.
              Article 0 comments Cited 1140 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Denise J. Jamieson
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Am J Obstet Gynecol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol
                Title: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Print): 0002-9378
                ISSN (Electronic): 1097-6868
                Publication date PMC-release: 21 April 2006
                Publication date (Print): June 2006
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 April 2006
                Volume: 194
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 1546-1555
                Affiliations
                [a ]Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                [b ]Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine
                [c ]National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Reprint requests: Denise J. Jamieson, MD, MPH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop K34, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341. djamieson@ 123456cdc.gov
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0002-9378(05)00965-8
                DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.06.062
                PMC ID: 7093849
                PubMed ID: 16731070
                SO-VID: f465c774-b856-43e8-9078-4346e05774ca
                Copyright statement: Copyright © 2006 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 31 January 2005
                Date revision received : 13 May 2005
                Date accepted : 14 June 2005
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Obstetrics & Gynecology
                Keywords: emerging infectious diseases,severe acute respiratory syndrome,west nile virus,anthrax
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Obstetrics & Gynecology
                Keywords: emerging infectious diseases, severe acute respiratory syndrome, west nile virus, anthrax

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