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      Examining the infectious aetiology and diagnostic criteria of maternal pyrexia in labour to improve antibiotic stewardship

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          To determine the infectious aetiology of peripartum maternal pyrexia and to assess the diagnostic accuracy of obstetric systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria and cardiotocography as predictors of peripartum infection, in order to guide appropriate antibiotic management of mother and neonate.

          Study Design

          This study was carried out in a tertiary referral maternity hospital in Dublin, Ireland. A prospective cohort analysis was performed of 175 mother-newborn pairs with maternal pyrexia (≥38 °C) that developed after labour onset or within four hours postnatal. Infection was confirmed microbiologically in the case of sterile site infection, urinary tract infection (UTI) or growth of a significant perinatal pathogen from a placental swab. Infection was confirmed histologically by gross and microscopic examination of placentas in cases where there was growth of potentially pathogenic micro-organisms at a non-sterile site. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria and cardiotocography in patients with confirmed infection versus those without evidence of infection were compared using independent samples t-test for continuous data and pearson chi-square test for nominal data. Diagnostic accuracy of obstetric systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria (elevated maternal heart rate, elevated respiratory rate, decreased systolic blood pressure and elevated white cell count) for the identification of infection among women with peripartum pyrexia was determined using receiver operating characteristic curves.

          Results

          The infection rate was 17.1% (30/175). The rate was 22% (22/100) for pyrexia that occurred during labour and 10.7% (8/75) if it occurred within four hours after delivery. Obstetric systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria and cardiotocography were not predictive of infection in women with peripartum pyrexia. No significant differences were observed in mean temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure or white cell count between those with infections and those with no evidence of infection.

          Conclusions

          Peripartum pyrexia is predominantly of non-infectious origin. Improved diagnostic criteria are needed to identify infection for this indication. Early discontinuation of antibiotic treatment is appropriate in the majority of patients who develop term peripartum pyrexia after onset of labour.

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          Most cited references12

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          Evaluation and Management of Women and Newborns With a Maternal Diagnosis of Chorioamnionitis: Summary of a Workshop.

          In January 2015, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development invited an expert panel to a workshop to address numerous knowledge gaps and to provide evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pregnant women with what had been commonly called chorioamnionitis and the neonates born to these women. The panel noted that the term chorioamnionitis has been used to label a heterogeneous array of conditions characterized by infection and inflammation or both with a consequent great variation in clinical practice for mothers and their newborns. Therefore, the panel proposed to replace the term chorioamnionitis with a more general, descriptive term: "intrauterine inflammation or infection or both," abbreviated as "Triple I." The panel proposed a classification for Triple I and recommended approaches to evaluation and management of pregnant women and their newborns with a diagnosis of Triple I. It is particularly important to recognize that an isolated maternal fever is not synonymous with chorioamnionitis. A research agenda was proposed to further refine the definition and management of this complex group of conditions. This article provides a summary of the workshop presentations and discussions.
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            Association of epidural-related fever and noninfectious inflammation in term labor.

            To investigate the role of infection and noninfectious inflammation in epidural analgesia-related fever. This was an observational analysis of placental cultures and serum admission and postpartum cytokine levels obtained from 200 women at low risk recruited during the prenatal period. Women receiving labor epidural analgesia had fever develop more frequently (22.7% compared with 6% no epidural; P=.009) but were not more likely to have placental infection (4.7% epidural, 4.0% no epidural; P>.99). Infection was similar regardless of maternal fever (5.4% febrile, 4.3% afebrile; P=.7). Median admission interleukin (IL)-6 levels did not differ according to later epidural (3.2 pg/mL compared with 1.6 pg/mL no epidural; P=.2), but admission IL-6 levels greater than 11 pg/mL were associated with an increase in fever among epidural users (36.4% compared with 15.7% for 11 pg/mL or less; P=.008). At delivery, both febrile and afebrile women receiving epidural had higher IL-6 levels than women not receiving analgesia. Epidural-related fever is rarely attributable to infection but is associated with an inflammatory state.
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              The role of the gut microbiota in food allergy.

              The rise in the prevalence of food allergy over the past decades has focused attention of factors that may impact disease development, most notably the gut microbiota. The gut microbial communities play a crucial role in promoting oral tolerance. Their alteration by such factors as Cesarean section delivery, diet and antibiotics may influence disease development. This review highlights recent progress in our understanding of the role of the gut microbiota in the development of food allergy.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol X
                Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol X
                European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology: X
                Elsevier
                2590-1613
                30 December 2018
                January 2019
                30 December 2018
                : 1
                : 100001
                Affiliations
                [a ]Pharmacy Department, National Maternity Hospital, Holles Street, Dublin, D02 YH21, Ireland
                [b ]Department of Microbiology, National Maternity Hospital, Holles Street, Dublin, Ireland
                [c ]Department of Pathology, National Maternity Hospital, Holles Street, Dublin, Ireland
                [d ]Department of Obstetrics, National Maternity Hospital, Holles Street, Dublin, Ireland
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. davidjfitzgerald26@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                S2590-1613(18)30001-2 100001
                10.1016/j.eurox.2018.100001
                6683981
                f47306e4-23c0-44f9-ac7d-0b9487044c79
                © 2018 The Author(s)

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Categories
                Obstetrics and Maternal Fetal Medicine

                pyrexia,labour,infection,diagnostic criteria
                pyrexia, labour, infection, diagnostic criteria

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