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      Multimorbidity and care for hypertension, diabetes and HIV among older adults in rural South Africa Translated title: Multimorbidité et traitement de l'hypertension, du diabète et du VIH chez les personnes âgées dans les zones rurales d'Afrique du Sud Translated title: Multimorbilidad y atención para la hipertensión, la diabetes y el VIH en los adultos de mayor edad de las zonas rurales de Sudáfrica Translated title: تعدد المراضة ورعاية ارتفاع ضغط الدم والسكري وفيروس نقص المناعة البشرية بين كبار السن في المناطق الريفية في جنوب أفريقيا Translated title: 南非农村地区老年人高血压、糖尿病和人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV) 的多重病症和护理 Translated title: Отягощенность несколькими заболеваниями и медицинская помощь при гипертензии, диабете и ВИЧ у пожилых пациентов в сельских районах Южной Африки

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          Abstract

          Objective

          To examine how multimorbidity might affect progression along the continuum of care among older adults with hypertension, diabetes and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in rural South Africa.

          Methods

          We analysed data from 4447 people aged 40 years or older who were enrolled in a longitudinal study in Agincourt sub-district. Household-based interviews were completed between November 2014 and November 2015. For hypertension and diabetes (2813 and 512 people, respectively), we defined concordant conditions as other cardiometabolic conditions, and discordant conditions as mental disorders or HIV infection. For HIV infection (1027 people) we defined any other conditions as discordant. Regression models were fitted to assess the relationship between the type of multimorbidity and progression along the care continuum and the likelihood of patients being in each stage of care for the index condition (four stages from testing to treatment).

          Findings

          People with hypertension or diabetes plus other cardiometabolic conditions were more like to progress through the care continuum for the index condition than those without cardiometabolic conditions (relative risk, RR: 1.14, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.09–1.20, and RR: 2.18, 95% CI: 1.52–3.26, respectively). Having discordant comorbidity was associated with greater progression in care for those with hypertension but not diabetes. Those with HIV infection plus cardiometabolic conditions had less progress in the stages of care compared with those without such conditions (RR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.80–0.92).

          Conclusion

          Patients with concordant conditions were more likely to progress further along the care continuum, while those with discordant multimorbidity tended not to progress beyond diagnosis.

          Résumé

          Objectif

          Examiner comment la multimorbidité peut affecter la progression le long du continuum de soins chez les personnes âgées souffrant d'hypertension, de diabète et d'une infection au virus de l’immunodéficience humaine (VIH) dans les zones rurales d'Afrique du Sud.

          Méthodes

          Nous avons analysé des données provenant de 4447 individus âgés de 40 ans ou plus qui ont participé à une étude longitudinale dans le sous-district d'Agincourt. Des entretiens avec les ménages ont été réalisés entre novembre 2014 et novembre 2015. Dans les cas de l'hypertension et du diabète (2813 et 512 personnes, respectivement), nous avons défini les troubles concordants comme étant d'autres troubles cardiométaboliques, et les troubles discordants comme étant des troubles mentaux ou une infection à VIH. Dans le cas de l'infection à VIH (1027 personnes), nous avons défini tout autre trouble comme étant discordant. Des modèles de régression ont été ajustés pour évaluer le lien entre, d'un côté, le type de multimorbidité et, de l'autre, la progression le long du continuum de soins et la probabilité que les patients suivent chaque étape des soins pour le trouble en question (quatre étapes du dépistage au traitement).

          Résultats

          Les individus souffrant d'hypertension ou de diabète et d'autres troubles cardiométaboliques étaient davantage susceptibles de progresser le long du continuum de soins pour le trouble en question que ceux qui ne souffraient pas de troubles cardiométaboliques (risque relatif, RR: 1,14, intervalle de confiance, IC, à 95%: 1,09–1,20, et RR: 2,18, IC à 95%: 1,52–3,26, respectivement). La comorbidité discordante a été associée à une progression plus importante le long du continuum de soins dans le cas des individus souffrant d'hypertension, mais non de diabète. La progression le long des étapes de soins était moins importante pour les individus souffrant d'une infection à VIH et de troubles cardiométaboliques que pour ceux non atteints de troubles cardiométaboliques (RR: 0,86, IC à 95%: 0,80–0,92).

          Conclusion

          Les patients souffrant de troubles concordants étaient davantage susceptibles de mieux progresser le long du continuum de soins, tandis que les patients présentant une multimorbidité discordante avaient tendance à ne pas progresser au-delà du diagnostic.

          Resumen

          Objetivo

          Examinar cómo la multimorbilidad podría afectar la progresión en la continuidad de la atención entre los adultos de mayor edad con hipertensión, diabetes e infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en las zonas rurales de Sudáfrica.

          Métodos

          Se analizaron los datos de 4447 personas de 40 años o más inscritas en un estudio longitudinal en el subdistrito de Agincourt. Las entrevistas domésticas se realizaron entre noviembre de 2014 y noviembre de 2015. Para la hipertensión y la diabetes (2813 y 512 personas, respectivamente), se definieron las afecciones concordantes como otras afecciones cardiometabólicas y las afecciones discordantes como trastornos mentales o infección por VIH. Para la infección por VIH (1027 personas) se definió cualquier otra condición como discordante. Se ajustaron los modelos de regresión para evaluar la relación entre el tipo de multimorbilidad y la progresión en la continuidad de la atención y la probabilidad de que los pacientes pasen por cada etapa de atención para la afección en cuestión (cuatro etapas desde la prueba hasta el tratamiento).

          Resultados

          Las personas con hipertensión o diabetes además de otras afecciones cardiometabólicas tenían más probabilidades de progresar en la continuidad de la atención para la afección en cuestión que las que no tenían afecciones cardiometabólicas (riesgo relativo, RR: 1,14; intervalo de confianza, IC, del 95%: 1,09-1,20; y RR: 2,18, IC del 95%: 1,52-3,26, respectivamente). La comorbilidad discordante se asoció con una mayor progresión en la atención de los pacientes con hipertensión, pero no con diabetes. Aquellos con infección por VIH además de afecciones cardiometabólicas tuvieron un menor progreso en las etapas de atención en comparación con aquellos sin tales afecciones (RR: 0,86, IC del 95%: 0,80-0,92).

          Conclusión

          Los pacientes con afecciones concordantes eran más propensos a progresar más a lo largo de la continuidad de la atención, mientras que los pacientes con multimorbilidad discordante tendían a no progresar más allá del diagnóstico.

          ملخص

          الغرض

          دراسة كيفية تأثير تعدد المراضة على التقدم على طول سلسلة الرعاية بين كبار السن الذي يعانون من ارتفاع ضغط الدم والسكري وعدوى فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية (HIV) في المناطق الريفية في جنوب أفريقيا.

          الطريقة

          قمنا بتحليل البيانات من 4447 شخصًا يبلغون من العمر 40 عامًا أو أكثر، والذين تم تسجيلهم في دراسة طولانية في مقاطعة Agincourt الفرعية. تم الانتهاء من المقابلات المنزلية بين نوفمبر/تشرين ثاني 2014 ونوفمبر/تشرين ثاني 2015. بالنسبة لارتفاع ضغط الدم ومرض السكري (تمت مقابلة 2813 شخصاً و512 شخصا، على الترتيب)، حددنا حالات متطابقة مثل حالات الأيض القلبي الأخرى، وحالات متضاربة مثل الاضطرابات العقلية أو عدوى فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية (HIV). بالنسبة لعدوى فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية (1027 شخصاً) قمنا بتعريف أية حالات أخرى متضاربة. تم توظيف نماذج الانحدار لتقييم العلاقة بين نوع تعدد المراضة والتقدم على طول سلسلة الرعاية، واحتمال وجود المرضى في كل مرحلة من مراحل الرعاية لحالة المؤشر (أربع مراحل من الاختبار إلى العلاج).

          النتائج

          الأشخاص الذين يعانون من ارتفاع ضغط الدم أو مرض السكري، بالإضافة إلى حالات الأيض القلبي الأخرى كانوا أكثر عرضة للتقدم من خلال سلسلة الرعاية لحالة المؤشر، عن هؤلاء الذين لا يعانون من حالات الأيض القلبي (نسبة المخاطر: 1.14، فاصل ثقة 95٪: 1.09 إلى 1.20، ونسبة مخاطر: 2.18، فاصل الثقة 95%: 1.52 إلى 5.17، على التوالي). تم الربط بين وجود المراضة المشتركة المتعارضة، والتقدم الأكبر في الرعاية لأولئك الذين يعانون من ارتفاع ضغط الدم ولكن ليس مرض السكري. بالنسبة للمصابين بعدوى فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية (HIV) بالإضافة إلى حالات الأيض القلبي، فقد شهدوا تقدماً أقل في مراحل الرعاية مقارنة مع غير المصابين بهذه الحالات (نسبة المخاطر: 0.86، فاصل الثقة 95%: 0.80 إلى 0.92 ).

          الاستنتاج

          كان المرضى الذين يعانون من حالات متطابقة أكثر احتمالا للتقدم أكثر على طول سلسلة الرعاية، في حين أن أولئك الذين لديهم حالات تعدد مراضة متعارضة، كانوا أكثر ميلاً لعدم التقدم بعد التشخيص.

          摘要

          目的

          旨在探讨南非农村地区高血压、糖尿病和人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV) 感染的老年人中,多重病症如何影响他们在连续护理过程中的进展。

          方法

          我们分析了 4447 名年龄在 40 岁或以上人群的数据,他们参与了位于阿金库尔分区的纵向研究。于 2014 年 11 月至 2015 年 11 月间完成了家庭访谈。对于高血压和糖尿病患者(分别为 2813 人和 512 人),我们将协调关系定义为其他心脏代谢疾病,将不协调关系定义为精神错乱或人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV) 感染。对于人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV) 感染(1027 人),我们将任何其他条件定义为不协调关系。回归模型适用于评估多重病症类型、护理连续体阶段的进展以及患者每个阶段(从测试到治疗的四个阶段)指数状态的可能性)之间的关系。

          结果

          患有高血压或糖尿病以及其他心脏代谢疾病的患者比那些患有高血压或糖尿病而没有心脏代谢疾病的患者更易在护理连续体阶段的指数状态下取得进展(相对危险度,RR:1.14,95% 置信区间,CI:1.09–1.20,和 RR:2.18,95% 置信区间,CI:分别为 1.52–3.26)。处于不协调关系的并存病对高血压患者的护理进展有更大的影响,对糖尿病患者无太大影响。人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV) 感染并患有心脏代谢疾病的患者与无此症状的患者相比在治疗阶段进展较慢 (RR:0.86,95% 置信区间,CI:0.80-0.92)。

          结论

          处于协调关系的患者更有可能在护理连续体阶段取得进展,而处于不协调关系的多重病症患者往往无法在确诊后取得进展。

          Резюме

          Цель

          Изучение влияния наличия нескольких заболеваний на ход оказания медицинской помощи пожилым пациентам, страдающим гипертензией, диабетом и инфицированных вирусом иммунодефицита человека (ВИЧ), которые проживают в сельских районах Южной Африки.

          Методы

          Авторы проанализировали данные 4447 пациентов в возрасте старше 40 лет, которые участвовали в лонгитюдном исследовании в субрайоне Аджинкорт. Опросы семейств проводились с ноября 2014 года по ноябрь 2015 года. Для гипертензии и диабета (2813 и 512 человек соответственно) были определены конкордантные состояния (такие как другие кардиометаболические расстройства) и дискордантные состояния (такие как психические расстройства или наличие ВИЧ-инфекции). При наличии ВИЧ-инфекции (1027 человек) все остальные заболевания определялись как дискордантные. Были построены регрессионные модели для оценки взаимозависимости между тем, заболевания какого типа выступают как сопутствующие, и ходом оказания медицинской помощи, а также для определения вероятности того, что пациент находится на той или иной стадии оказания помощи для индексного заболевания (четыре стадии — от тестирования до лечения).

          Результаты

          Пациенты с гипертензией или диабетом при наличии других кардиометаболических расстройств имели большую вероятность быстрого получения медицинской помощи по индексному заболеванию, чем пациенты без кардиометаболических расстройств (относительный риск, ОР: 1,14; 95%-й доверительный интервал, ДИ: 1,09–1,20 и ОР: 2,18; 95%-й ДИ: 1,52–3,26 соответственно). Наличие дискордантных сопутствующих заболеваний ассоциировалось с более быстрым получением медицинской помощи в случае гипертензии, но не в случае диабета. Пациенты с ВИЧ и кардиометаболическими расстройствами отставали в получении помощи по стадиям ухода в сравнении с пациентами, не имеющими таких расстройств (ОР: 0,86; 95%-й ДИ: 0,80–0,92).

          Вывод

          Пациенты с конкордантными расстройствами имели большую вероятность быстрого получения медицинской помощи, а пациенты с наличием нескольких дискордантных заболеваний обычно не продвигались далее постановки диагноза.

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          Most cited references26

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          Multimorbidity, health care utilization and costs in an elderly community-dwelling population: a claims data based observational study

          Background Chronic conditions and multimorbidity have become one of the main challenges in health care worldwide. However, data on the burden of multimorbidity are still scarce. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between multimorbidity and the health care utilization and costs in the Swiss community-dwelling population, taking into account several sociodemographic factors. Methods The study population consists of 229'493 individuals aged 65 or older who were insured in 2013 by the Helsana Group, the leading health insurer in Switzerland, covering all 26 Swiss cantons. Multimorbidity was defined as the presence of two or more chronic conditions of a list of 22 conditions that were identified using an updated measure of the Pharmacy-based Cost Group model. The number of consultations (total and divided by primary care physicians and specialists), the number of different physicians contacted, the type of physician contact (face-to-face, phone, and home visits), the number of hospitalisations and the length of stay were assessed separately for the multimorbid and non-multimorbid sample. The costs (total and divided by inpatient and outpatient costs) covered by the compulsory health insurance were calculated for both samples. Multiple linear regression modelling was conducted to adjust for influencing factors: age, sex, linguistic region, purchasing power, insurance plan, and nursing dependency. Results Prevalence of multimorbidity was 76.6%. The mean number of consultations per year was 15.7 in the multimorbid compared to 4.4 in the non-multimorbid sample. Total costs were 5.5 times higher in multimorbid patients. Each additional chronic condition was associated with an increase of 3.2 consultations and increased costs of 33%. Strong positive associations with utilization and costs were also found for nursing dependency. Multimorbid patients were 5.6 times more likely to be hospitalised. Furthermore, results revealed a significant age-gender interaction and a socioeconomic gradient. Conclusions Multimorbidity is associated with substantial higher health care utilization and costs in Switzerland. Quantified data on the current burden of multimorbidity are fundamental for the management of patients in health service delivery systems and for health care policy debates about resource allocation. Strategies for a better coordination of multimorbid patients are urgently needed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12913-015-0698-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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            Epidemiology of multimorbidity in China and implications for the healthcare system: cross-sectional survey among 162,464 community household residents in southern China

            Background China, like other countries, is facing a growing burden of chronic disease but the prevalence of multimorbidity and implications for the healthcare system have been little researched. We examined the epidemiology of multimorbidity in southern China in a large representative sample. The effects of multimorbidity and other factors on usual source of healthcare were also examined. Methods We conducted a large cross-sectional survey among approximately 5% (N = 162,464) of the resident population in three prefectures in Guangdong province, southern China in 2011. A multistage, stratified random sampling was adopted. The study population had many similar characteristics to the national census population. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect self-report data on demographics, socio-economics, lifestyles, healthcare use, and health characteristics from paper-based medical reports. Results More than one in ten of the total study population (11.1%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 10.6 to 11.6) had two or more chronic conditions from a selection of 40 morbidities. The prevalence of multimorbidity increased with age (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.36, 95% CI 1.35 to 1.38 per five years). Female gender (aOR = 1.70, 95% CI 1.64 to 1.76), low education (aOR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.29), lack of medical insurance (aOR = 1.79, 95% CI 1.71 to 1.89), and unhealthy lifestyle behaviours were independent predictors of multimorbidity. Multimorbidity was associated with the regular use of secondary outpatient care in preference to primary care. Conclusions Multimorbidity is now common in China. The reported preferential use of secondary care over primary care by patients with multimorbidity has many major implications. There is an urgent need to further develop a strong and equitable primary care system. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12916-014-0188-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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              Impact of Noncommunicable Disease Multimorbidity on Healthcare Utilisation and Out-Of-Pocket Expenditures in Middle-Income Countries: Cross Sectional Analysis

              Background The burden of non-communicable disease (NCDs) has grown rapidly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where populations are ageing, with rising prevalence of multimorbidity (more than two co-existing chronic conditions) that will significantly increase pressure on already stretched health systems. We assess the impact of NCD multimorbidity on healthcare utilisation and out-of-pocket expenditures in six middle-income countries: China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia and South Africa. Methods Secondary analyses of cross-sectional data from adult participants (>18 years) in the WHO Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE) 2007–2010. We used multiple logistic regression to determine socio-demographic correlates of multimorbidity. Association between the number of NCDs and healthcare utilisation as well as out-of-pocket spending was assessed using logistic, negative binominal and log-linear models. Results The prevalence of multimorbidity in the adult population varied from 3∙9% in Ghana to 33∙6% in Russia. Number of visits to doctors in primary and secondary care rose substantially for persons with increasing numbers of co-existing NCDs. Multimorbidity was associated with more outpatient visits in China (coefficient for number of NCD = 0∙56, 95% CI = 0∙46, 0∙66), a higher likelihood of being hospitalised in India (AOR = 1∙59, 95% CI = 1∙45, 1∙75), higher out-of-pocket expenditures for outpatient visits in India and China, and higher expenditures for hospital visits in Russia. Medicines constituted the largest proportion of out-of-pocket expenditures in persons with multimorbidity (88∙3% for outpatient, 55∙9% for inpatient visit in China) in most countries. Conclusion Multimorbidity is associated with higher levels of healthcare utilisation and greater financial burden for individuals in middle-income countries. Our study supports the WHO call for universal health insurance and health service coverage in LMICs, particularly for vulnerable groups such as the elderly with multimorbidity.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Bull World Health Organ
                Bull. World Health Organ
                BLT
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                World Health Organization
                0042-9686
                1564-0604
                01 January 2019
                31 October 2018
                : 97
                : 1
                : 10-23
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America (USA).
                [b ]MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, South Africa.
                [c ]Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, USA.
                [d ]Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard Medical School , Boston, USA.
                [e ]Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, USA.
                Author notes
                Correspondence to Angela Y Chang (email: angela.chang@ 123456mail.harvard.edu ).
                Article
                BLT.18.217000
                10.2471/BLT.18.217000
                6307505
                30618461
                f4773ed9-d97f-4dc5-a663-0ffd990131e3
                (c) 2019 The authors; licensee World Health Organization.

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution IGO License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/legalcode), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In any reproduction of this article there should not be any suggestion that WHO or this article endorse any specific organization or products. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. This notice should be preserved along with the article's original URL.

                History
                : 27 May 2018
                : 29 September 2018
                : 08 October 2018
                Categories
                Research

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