A hybrid particle–field molecular dynamics approach: a route toward efficient coarse-grained models for biomembranes

Polymers can be theoretically and computationally described by models pertaining to different length scales and corresponding time scales. These models have traditionally been used independently of each other. Recently, considerable progress has been made in systematically linking models of different scales. This Review focuses on the generation of lattice and off-lattice coarse-grained polymer models, whose "monomers" correspond to roughly a chemical repeat unit, from chemically detailed atomistic simulations of the same polymers. Computational methods are described as well as applications to polymers in the melt and in solution. The success of multiscale simulations in solving real-world polymer problems that could not be solved in any other way suggests that they will have an important role to play in the future.