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      The Role of Threat Appraisal and Coping Style in Psychological Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic Among University Students

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          Abstract

          Background

          The COVID-19 pandemic has led to psychological distress among community samples and university students (Cao et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020). Some coping behaviors and cognitive appraisals allow individuals to experience positive psychological growth amid such a crisis (Folkman et al. 1986). In the event of continuing waves of COVID-19 infection and future viral outbreaks, understanding the relationships between coping behaviors, stress appraisals, and COVID-related distress and growth can empower public health officials and university leadership to mitigate negative consequences and encourage growth.

          Methods

          774 undergraduate students completed online self-report measures of coping (Brief COPE; emotion, problem, avoidant), stress appraisal (SAM; threat/centrality, challenge/self-efficacy, uncontrol, other-control), neuroticism (NEO-N), health anxiety (SHAI), and COVID-19 exposure/impact (C-PIQ; distress and growth). Hypotheses were examined via simpleregressions and interactions.

          Results

          Increased utilization of avoidant coping was associated with high levels of distress regardless of whether it was perceived as threatening or not. Emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies were associated with more growth, whereas avoidant coping was associated with less growth. Higher emotion-focused coping and challenge appraisal together predicted the most growth.

          Limitations

          Cross-sectional design precludes the tracking of distress and growth over time; this study relied on self-report data.

          Conclusions

          These results underscore the impact of stress appraisals on the mental health of students navigating the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings may inform public health messaging–or have clinical implications, as successful interventions exist for improving coping strategies and stress appraisals.

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          Most cited references45

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          Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area

          There is limited information describing the presenting characteristics and outcomes of US patients requiring hospitalization for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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            The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China

            Highlights • Methods of guiding students to effectively and appropriately regulate their emotions during public health emergencies and avoid losses caused by crisis events have become an urgent problem for colleges and universities. Therefore, we investigated and analyzed the mental health status of college students during the epidemic for the following purposes. (1) To evaluate the mental situation of college students during the epidemic; (2) to provide a theoretical basis for psychological interventions with college students; and (3) to provide a basis for the promulgation of national and governmental policies.
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              You want to measure coping but your protocol's too long: consider the brief COPE.

              Studies of coping in applied settings often confront the need to minimize time demands on participants. The problem of participant response burden is exacerbated further by the fact that these studies typically are designed to test multiple hypotheses with the same sample, a strategy that entails the use of many time-consuming measures. Such research would benefit from a brief measure of coping assessing several responses known to be relevant to effective and ineffective coping. This article presents such a brief form of a previously published measure called the COPE inventory (Carver, Scheier, & Weintraub, 1989), which has proven to be useful in health-related research. The Brief COPE omits two scales of the full COPE, reduces others to two items per scale, and adds one scale. Psychometric properties of the Brief COPE are reported, derived from a sample of adults participating in a study of the process of recovery after Hurricane Andrew.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Affect Disord Rep
                J Affect Disord Rep
                Journal of Affective Disorders Reports
                Elsevier B.V
                2666-9153
                10 February 2022
                10 February 2022
                : 100325
                Affiliations
                [1 ]VA San Diego Healthcare System
                [2 ]University of California San Diego (UCSD)
                [3 ]San Diego State University (SDSU)
                [4 ]VA San Diego Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: Gage Chu, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr., San Diego, CA 92161.
                Article
                S2666-9153(22)00018-X 100325
                10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100325
                8830180
                35169766
                f49842b3-fe69-4b5e-a55f-9f1c8cc29b81
                Published by Elsevier B.V.

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                : 22 December 2021
                : 15 January 2022
                : 5 February 2022
                Categories
                Research Paper

                covid-19,health threat,distress,post-traumatic growth,coping,appraisal,emerging adults

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