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      Advance care planning in severe COPD: it is time to engage with the future

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      1 , 2 , , 3
      ERJ Open Research
      European Respiratory Society

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          Abstract

          Severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive and debilitating illness characterised by relentless loss of function, intensifying dyspnoea and frequent exacerbations. COPD patients are evidently at increased risk of depression, frailty and death [1, 2]. Predicting individual short-term prognosis and course of events is difficult if not impossible.

          Abstract

          Advance care planning should be part of our clinical routine in severe COPD http://ow.ly/Cshs30i8FS9

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          The unpleasantness of perceived dyspnea is processed in the anterior insula and amygdala.

          The subjective perception of dyspnea, which is an impairing symptom in various cardiopulmonary diseases, consists of sensory (intensity) and affective aspects (unpleasantness). However, little is known about the cortical processing of the perception of dyspnea. To investigate the cortical areas associated with the processing of the affective unpleasantness of perceived dyspnea. Brain imaging study using functional magnetic resonance imaging in 14 healthy volunteers. Dyspnea was induced by inspiratory resistive loaded breathing with concomitant positive and negative emotional stimulation by viewing standardized emotional picture series. The blood oxygen level-dependent contrast was measured as an index of local neuronal activity while respiration was continuously monitored. Negative emotional stimulation during loaded breathing was associated with higher unpleasantness of perceived dyspnea when compared with loaded breathing with concomitant positive emotional stimulation (P < 0.05). The levels of intensity of perceived dyspnea, respiratory responses, and load magnitude were similar between both conditions. Higher unpleasantness of dyspnea was associated with neuronal activations in the limbic system-that is, in the right anterior insula and in the right amygdala (respective Z values = 3.93 and 3.15; P < 0.05). The results of the present brain imaging study suggest that the unpleasantness of subjectively perceived dyspnea is processed in the right human anterior insula and amygdala.
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            Risk of Frailty in Elderly With COPD: A Population-Based Study.

            Despite frailty being an important geriatric syndrome, its prevalence and associated mortality risk in older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are unknown.
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              Dying with lung cancer or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: insights from SUPPORT. Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments.

              Many are calling for patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to receive hospice care, but the traditional hospice model may be insufficient. To compare the course of illness and patterns of care for patients with non-small cell lung cancer and severe COPD. Prospective cohort study of seriously ill, hospitalized adults. Five teaching hospitals in the United States. Patients with Stage III or IV non-small cell lung cancer (n = 939) or acute exacerbation of severe COPD (n = 1008). Patients' preferences for pattern of care and for ventilator use; symptoms; life-sustaining interventions; and survival prognoses. Sixty percent in each group wanted comfort-focused care; 81% with lung cancer and 78% with COPD were extremely unwilling to have mechanical ventilation indefinitely. Severe dyspnea occurred in 32% of patients with lung cancer and 56% of patients with COPD and severe pain in 28 % of patients with lung cancer and 21% of patients with COPD. Patients with COPD who died during index hospitalization were more likely than patients with lung cancer to receive mechanical ventilation (70.4% vs 19.8%), tube feeding (38.7% vs 18.5%), and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (25.2% vs 7.8%). Mechanical ventilation had greater short term effectiveness in patients with COPD, based on survival to hospital discharge (76% vs 38%). Patients with COPD maintained higher median 2-month and 6-month survival prognoses, even days before death. Hospitalized patients with lung cancer or COPD preferred comfort-focused care, yet dyspnea and pain were problematic in both groups. Patients with COPD were more often treated with life-sustaining interventions, and short-term effectiveness was comparatively better than in patients with lung cancer. In caring for patients with severe COPD, consideration should be given to implementing palliative treatments more aggressively, even while remaining open to provision of life-sustaining interventions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ERJ Open Res
                ERJ Open Res
                ERJOR
                erjor
                ERJ Open Research
                European Respiratory Society
                2312-0541
                January 2018
                16 February 2018
                : 4
                : 1
                : 00009-2018
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
                [2 ]Lung Clinic Immenhausen, Immenhausen, Germany
                [3 ]Dept of Palliative Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
                Author notes
                Stefan Andreas, Abteilung Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Robert Koch Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany. E-mail: stefan.andreas@ 123456med.uni-goettingen.de
                Article
                00009-2018
                10.1183/23120541.00009-2018
                5814759
                29479536
                f4d6a45f-c107-4693-a0a7-f12d50fadb49
                Copyright ©ERS 2018

                This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licence 4.0.

                History
                : 12 January 2018
                : 14 January 2018
                Categories
                Editorial
                1

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