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      O fonema /r/ e as alterações do sistema estomatognático, idade, gênero e gravidade no desvio fonológico Translated title: The phoneme /r/ and stomatognathic system alterations, age, gender and severity level in phonological disorders

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          Abstract

          OBJETIVO: Comparar a produção do fonema /r/ em crianças com desvio fonológico (DF), e as alterações no sistema estomatognático (SEG) considerando as variáveis de idade, gênero e gravidade do DF. Métodos: A amostra constituiu-se de 113 crianças com DF e alterações do SEG, de ambos os gêneros, e idades entre 4 anos e 8 anos e 11 meses, divididos em dois grupos, considerando a faixa etária: pré-escolar (4 anos a 5 anos e 11 meses) e escolar (6 anos a 8 anos e 11 meses). Realizou-se Avaliação Fonológica da Criança e avaliação do SEG. A amostra foi dividida, quanto à gravidade do DF, em dois grupos, Graus mais Graves (GG) e Graus mais Leves (GL). Quanto ao sistema fonológico (SF), a mesma foi dividida em GI: /r/ estabelecido; e GII: /r/ não estabelecido. Os dados coletados foram tabulados, analisados e, posteriormente, submetidos a tratamento estatístico. RESULTADOS: Não foi observada diferença na postura, tonicidade e mobilidade de língua, lábios e bochechas, bem como nas estruturas e funções do SEG entre GI e GII. O GI obteve melhor desempenho apenas na vibração de língua. Verificou-se relação entre a aquisição do fonema /r/ e o aumento da idade, não havendo correlação com o gênero. Ainda, os GG de DF são mais frequentes no GII, e os GL no GI. CONCLUSÃO: Não há relação entre as alterações do SF e das estruturas e funções do SEG em crianças com DF, havendo relação deste apenas com a idade das mesmas.

          Translated abstract

          PURPOSE: To compare the production of the phoneme /r/ in children with phonological disorder (PD) and the stomatognathic system (SS) alterations considering the variables age, gender, and severity of the PD. METHODS: The sample was composed by 113 subjects with PD and SS alterations, of both genders, and with ages between 4 years and 8 years and 11 months, divided into two groups, considering the age range: pre-school age (4 years to 5 years and 11 months), and school age (6 years to 8 years and 11 months). The Child's Phonological Assessment and a stomatognathic system evaluation were carried out. The subjects were divided into two groups, according to the severity of PD: More Severe Degrees (MSD) and Milder Degrees (MD). Considering the phonological system, subjects were divided into GI: /r/ established, and GII: /r/ not established. The collected data were tabulated, analyzed and submitted to statistical analysis. RESULTS: No differences were observed between GI and GII regarding tongue, lips and cheeks position, tonicity and mobility, as well as in SS structures and functions. GI obtained better performance only in tongue vibration. It was verified a correlation between the acquisition of phoneme /r/ and age increase; no correlation was found between the acquisition of /r/ and gender. MSD of PD were more frequent in GII, and MD in GI. CONCLUSION: There is no relation between alterations in the PS and in structures and functions of the SS in children with PD; PD is related only with children's age.

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          This paper reviews issues in speech motor control and a class of communication disorders known as motor speech disorders. Speech motor control refers to the systems and strategies that regulate the production of speech, including the planning and preparation of movements (sometimes called motor programming) and the execution of movement plans to result in muscle contractions and structural displacements. Traditionally, speech motor control is distinguished from phonologic operations, but in some recent phonologic theories, there is a deliberate blurring of the boundaries between phonologic representation and motor functions. Moreover, there is continuing discussion in the literature as to whether a given motor speech disorder (especially apraxia of speech and stuttering) should be understood at the phonologic level, the motoric level, or both of these. The motor speech disorders considered here include: the dysarthrias, apraxia of speech, developmental apraxia of speech, developmental stuttering, acquired (neurogenic and psychogenic) stuttering, and cluttering.
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            For the past 20 years the field of linguistics has provided a basis for assessment and treatment methods for speech and language disorders. Since Goldsmiths (1976) dissertation showing tone as an independently functioning autosegment, new and robust phonological frameworks have become available, i.e. nonlinear phonological frameworks. This paper outlines major aspects of nonlinear phonology and its developmental implications. Based in generative phonology, nonlinear frameworks adhere to many of the tenets of the generative grammar tradition, such as markedness and autonomy of linguistic components. The major difference between classical and nonlinear generative phonology is the latters emphasis on representation rather than on rules or processes. This enriched representation is hierarchical and multitiered, rather than being strictly sequential as in classical generative phonology, and includes syllabic structure and segmental information. Phonological rules or processes result from, and are constrained by, principles of association between the various autonomous levels. If a child comes to the language-learning situation with a representional framework, a set of universal 'templates' are then available to utilize for decoding and encoding. The incorporation of both syllabic (prosodic level) and segmental information in representation suggests that the child will come to the language-learning process primed with expected syllable structure bases as well as with an expected segmental 'feature inventory'. The concept of autonomy implies possible independent learning for information on the various tiers, e.g. between the prosodic and segmental levels. The concept of hierarchy suggests that prominent system units in tree structure may have developmental precedence over deeply embedded units. These and other concepts are developed in the following pages.
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              This report addresses the efficacy of treatment for functional phonological disorders in children. The definition of phonological disorders and their incidence and prevalence are first presented. The impact of this disorder on the lives of children and the role that speech-language pathologists play in treating this disorder are then discussed. Evidence of the positive outcome of phonological treatment is reviewed, with particular emphasis on treatment procedures that have been deemed effective, the specific effects of these treatments on improving intelligibility, and comparisons between treatments in facilitating improved sound production.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rsbf
                Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Fonoaudiologia
                Rev. soc. bras. fonoaudiol.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Fonoaudiologia (São Paulo )
                1982-0232
                December 2011
                : 16
                : 4
                : 422-429
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Brazil
                Article
                S1516-80342011000400010
                10.1590/S1516-80342011000400010
                f4e80e90-a635-4a2e-97c7-8e686abc80c9

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1516-8034&lng=en
                Categories
                AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY
                REHABILITATION

                Audiology,Physiotherapy
                Stomatognathic system,Speech,Child,Speech disorders,Articulation disorders,Sistema estomatognático,Fala,Criança,Distúrbios da fala,Transtornos da articulação

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