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      The HMGB1/RAGE inflammatory pathway promotes pancreatic tumor growth by regulating mitochondrial bioenergetics.

      Oncogene
      Adenosine Triphosphate, biosynthesis, metabolism, Animals, Antigens, CD24, genetics, Antigens, Neoplasm, Butadienes, pharmacology, Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Movement, Cell Proliferation, Cycloheximide, Electron Transport Complex I, antagonists & inhibitors, Energy Metabolism, Enzyme Inhibitors, Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases, drug effects, HMGB1 Protein, Humans, Inflammation, MAP Kinase Kinase 2, Mice, Mitochondria, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, NF-kappa B, Nitriles, Pancreatic Neoplasms, pathology, Phosphorylation, Protein Binding, Protein Synthesis Inhibitors, RNA Interference, RNA, Small Interfering, Rotenone, Signal Transduction, Toll-Like Receptor 2, Toll-Like Receptor 4, Tumor Microenvironment, Uncoupling Agents

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          Abstract

          Tumor cells require increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to support anabolism and proliferation. The precise mechanisms regulating this process in tumor cells are unknown. Here, we show that the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) and one of its primary ligands, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), are required for optimal mitochondrial function within tumors. We found that RAGE is present in the mitochondria of cultured tumor cells as well as primary tumors. RAGE and HMGB1 coordinately enhanced tumor cell mitochondrial complex I activity, ATP production, tumor cell proliferation and migration. Lack of RAGE or inhibition of HMGB1 release diminished ATP production and slowed tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. These findings link, for the first time, the HMGB1-RAGE pathway with changes in bioenergetics. Moreover, our observations provide a novel mechanism within the tumor microenvironment by which necrosis and inflammation promote tumor progression.

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