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      Transcriptome-wide characterization and functional analysis of MATE transporters in response to aluminum toxicity in Medicago sativa L.

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          Abstract

          Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporters contribute to multidrug resistance and play major determinants of aluminum (Al) tolerance in plants. Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) is the most extensively cultivated forage crop in the world, yet most alfalfa cultivars are not Al tolerant. The basic knowledge of the MATE transcripts family and the characterisation of specific MATE members involved in alfalfa Al stress remain unclear. In this study, 88 alfalfa MATE (MsMATE) transporters were identified at the whole transcriptome level. Phylogenetic analysis classified them into four subfamilies comprising 11 subgroups. Generally, five kinds of motifs were found in group G1, and most were located at the N-terminus, which might confer these genes with Al detoxification functions. Furthermore, 10 putative Al detoxification-related MsMATE genes were identified and the expression of five genes was significantly increased after Al treatment, indicating that these genes might play important roles in conferring Al tolerance to alfalfa. Considering the limited functional understanding of MATE transcripts in alfalfa, our findings will be valuable for the functional investigation and application of this family in alfalfa.

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          A gene in the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family confers aluminum tolerance in sorghum.

          Crop yields are significantly reduced by aluminum toxicity on highly acidic soils, which comprise up to 50% of the world's arable land. Candidate aluminum tolerance proteins include organic acid efflux transporters, with the organic acids forming non-toxic complexes with rhizosphere aluminum. In this study, we used positional cloning to identify the gene encoding a member of the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family, an aluminum-activated citrate transporter, as responsible for the major sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) aluminum tolerance locus, Alt(SB). Polymorphisms in regulatory regions of Alt(SB) are likely to contribute to large allelic effects, acting to increase Alt(SB) expression in the root apex of tolerant genotypes. Furthermore, aluminum-inducible Alt(SB) expression is associated with induction of aluminum tolerance via enhanced root citrate exudation. These findings will allow us to identify superior Alt(SB) haplotypes that can be incorporated via molecular breeding and biotechnology into acid soil breeding programs, thus helping to increase crop yields in developing countries where acidic soils predominate.
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            Genome-Wide Survey and Expression Analysis of the Plant-Specific NAC Transcription Factor Family in Soybean During Development and Dehydration Stress

            Plant-specific NAC transcription factors (TFs) play important roles in regulating diverse biological processes, including development, senescence, growth, cell division and responses to environmental stress stimuli. Within the soybean genome, we identified 152 full-length GmNAC TFs, including 11 membrane-bound members. In silico analysis of the GmNACs, together with their Arabidopsis and rice counterparts, revealed similar NAC architecture. Next, we explored the soybean Affymetrix array and Illumina transcriptome sequence data to analyse tissue-specific expression profiles of GmNAC genes. Phylogenetic analysis using stress-related NAC TFs from Arabidopsis and rice as seeding sequences identified 58 of the 152 GmNACs as putative stress-responsive genes, including eight previously reported dehydration-responsive GmNACs. We could design gene-specific primers for quantitative real-time PCR verification of 38 out of 50 newly predicted stress-related genes. Twenty-five and six GmNACs were found to be induced and repressed 2-fold or more, respectively, in soybean roots and/or shoots in response to dehydration. GmNAC085, whose amino acid sequence was 39%; identical to that of well-known SNAC1/ONAC2, was the most induced gene upon dehydration, showing 390-fold and 20-fold induction in shoots and roots, respectively. Our systematic analysis has identified excellent tissue-specific and/or dehydration-responsive candidate GmNAC genes for in-depth characterization and future development of improved drought-tolerant transgenic soybeans.
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              The FRD3-mediated efflux of citrate into the root vasculature is necessary for efficient iron translocation.

              Iron, despite being an essential micronutrient, becomes toxic if present at high levels. As a result, plants possess carefully regulated mechanisms to acquire iron from the soil. The ferric reductase defective3 (frd3) mutant of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is chlorotic and exhibits constitutive expression of its iron uptake responses. Consequently, frd3 mutants overaccumulate iron; yet, paradoxically, the frd3 phenotypes are due to a reduction in the amount of iron present inside frd3 leaf cells. The FRD3 protein belongs to the multidrug and toxin efflux family, members of which are known to export low-M(r) organic molecules. We therefore hypothesized that FRD3 loads an iron chelator necessary for the correct distribution of iron throughout the plant into the xylem. One such potential chelator is citrate. Xylem exudate from frd3 plants contains significantly less citrate and iron than the exudate from wild-type plants. Additionally, supplementation of growth media with citrate rescues the frd3 phenotypes. The ectopic expression of FRD3-GFP results in enhanced tolerance to aluminum in Arabidopsis roots, a hallmark of organic acid exudation. Consistent with this result, approximately 3 times more citrate was detected in root exudate from plants ectopically expressing FRD3-GFP. Finally, heterologous studies in Xenopus laevis oocytes reveal that FRD3 mediates the transport of citrate. These results all strongly support the hypothesis that FRD3 effluxes citrate into the root vasculature, a process important for the translocation of iron to the leaves, as well as confirm previous reports suggesting that iron moves through the xylem as a ferric-citrate complex. Our results provide additional answers to long-standing questions about iron chelation in the vasculature and organic acid transport.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                PeerJ
                PeerJ
                PeerJ
                PeerJ
                PeerJ
                PeerJ Inc. (San Diego, USA )
                2167-8359
                31 January 2019
                2019
                : 7
                : e6302
                Affiliations
                [1 ]State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems , Lanzhou, P. R. China
                [2 ]Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , Lanzhou, P. R. China
                [3 ]Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education , Lanzhou, P. R. China
                [4 ]College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou, P. R. China
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9899-0246
                Article
                6302
                10.7717/peerj.6302
                6360082
                f4fa8db3-6a4c-498b-b139-9d301055f516
                © 2019 Min et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.

                History
                : 4 September 2018
                : 14 December 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University
                Award ID: IRT_17R50
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China
                Award ID: 31502000
                Funded by: 111 project
                Award ID: B12002
                Funded by: Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
                Award ID: lzujbky-2016-8
                This research was supported by the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (IRT_17R50), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31502000), the 111 project (B12002) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (lzujbky-2016-8). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Bioinformatics
                Evolutionary Studies
                Plant Science

                mate transporters,medicago sativa,phylogenetic analysis,transcriptome-wide,aluminum toxicity,expression analysis

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