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      Modified Rankin Scale with Expanded Guidance Scheme and Interview Questionnaire: Interrater Agreement and Reproducibility of Assessment

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          Abstract

          Background:The modified Rankin scale (mRS) is commonly employed as a measure of functional outcome after stroke. The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability of the mRS using an expanded guidance scheme and a corresponding questionnaire on an unprecedentedly large scale. Methods:Neurologists interviewed patients with cerebral infarction on the basis of the questionnaire. These interviews were recorded on videotape. Raters (10 neurologists, 6 nurses and 4 physiotherapists) watched the videotapes of 30 patients interviewed and assessed the mRS according to the guidance scheme. Results:The agreement between the raters, as estimated from the intraclass correlation coefficient, was found to be satisfactory with values of 0.947 for neurologists and 0.963 for nurses and physiotherapists. The reproducibility was also satisfactory with values of 0.865 and 0.871, respectively. Conclusion: The data obtained suggest that our guidance scheme and questionnaire are useful for ensuring the quality of assessments made with the mRS.

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          ASSESSMENT OF OUTCOME AFTER SEVERE BRAIN DAMAGE A Practical Scale

          B Jennett (1975)
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            Reliability of the modified Rankin Scale across multiple raters: benefits of a structured interview.

            I Boné Pina, Iain Wilson, Jan Potter … (2005)
            The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) is widely used to assess global outcome after stroke. The aim of the study was to examine rater variability in assessing functional outcomes using the conventional mRS, and to investigate whether use of a structured interview (mRS-SI) reduced this variability. Inter-rater agreement was studied among raters from 3 stroke centers. Fifteen raters were recruited who were experienced in stroke care but came from a variety of professional backgrounds. Patients at least 6 months after stroke were first assessed using conventional mRS definitions. After completion of initial mRS assessments, raters underwent training in the use of a structured interview, and patients were re-assessed. In a separate component of the study, intrarater variability was studied using 2 raters who performed repeat assessments using the mRS and the mRS-SI. The design of the latter part of the study also allowed investigation of possible improvement in rater agreement caused by repetition of the assessments. Agreement was measured using the kappa statistic (unweighted and weighted using quadratic weights). Inter-rater reliability: Pairs of raters assessed a total of 113 patients on the mRS and mRS-SI. For the mRS, overall agreement between raters was 43% (kappa=0.25, kappa(w)=0.71), and for the structured interview overall agreement was 81% (kappa=0.74, kappa(w)=0.91). Agreement between raters was significantly greater on the mRS-SI than the mRS (P or =0.94). Although individual raters are consistent in their use of the mRS, inter-rater variability is nonetheless substantial. Rater variability on the mRS is thus particularly problematic for studies involving multiple raters. There was no evidence that improvement in inter-rater agreement occurred simply with repetition of the assessment. Use of a structured interview improves agreement between raters in the assessment of global outcome after stroke.
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              Analysis of 16,922 Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack in Japan

              Kazumi Kimura, Seiji Kazui, Kazuo Minematsu … (2004)
              Objective: The purpose of the present study was to clarify the present status of stroke medicine in Japan using a hospital-based, prospective registration study of 156 hospitals from all over Japan. Methods: Consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) who presented to hospital within 7 days of onset from May 1999 to April 2000 were enrolled in this study. A common protocol was applied in every participating hospital. Results: A total of 16,922 patients (TIA, 6.4%) with a mean age of 70.6 ± 11.5 years (median 71 years, range 18–107 years) were enrolled in the study. Lacunar stroke was the most frequent stroke subtype (38.8%), followed by atherothrombotic (33.3%), cardioembolic (21.8%) and other stroke (6.1%). NIH stroke scale score on admission was 8.0 ± 7.9 (median 5; 25th to 75th percentile, 2–11). 36.8% arrived at hospital within 3 h of symptom onset, and 49.5% within 6 h. The ambulance was used for 70.2% of patients arriving within 3 h after onset, but in only 29.9% of patients visiting the hospital later than 3 h after onset (p < 0.0001). 60.8% displayed good outcome (modified Rankin Scale score of 0–2 at discharge), while 32.3% displayed poor outcome (score 3–5), and mortality rate was 6.9%. Conclusions: More than half of the acute stroke patients arrived at hospital later than 6 h after onset. Establishment of ideal emergency systems is needed for better management of stroke and for improvement of patient outcome, in particular, in the future after approval of intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke by the Japanese government.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): CED
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Cerebrovasc Dis
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.1015-9770
                Title: Cerebrovascular Diseases
                Publisher: S. Karger AG
                ISSN (Print): 1015-9770
                ISSN (Electronic): 1421-9786
                Publication date Subscription-year: 2006
                Publication date (Print): March 2006
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 March 2006
                Volume: 21
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 271-278
                Affiliations
                aDepartment of Neurology and Center for Stroke and Neurological Diseases, Tokai University Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, bCerebrovascular Division, Department of Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, cMedical Education Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, and dDepartment of Biostatistics/Epidemiology and Preventive Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Nursing, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
                Article
                Publisher ID: 91226 Other ID: Cerebrovasc Dis 2006;21:271–278
                DOI: 10.1159/000091226
                PubMed ID: 16446542
                SO-VID: f5232616-7673-4457-a61a-f904034f7ae7
                Copyright © © 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel
                License:

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                Date received : 07 June 2005
                Date accepted : 05 December 2005
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 6, References: 18, Pages: 8
                Categories
                Subject: Original Paper

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Geriatric medicine,Neurology,Cardiovascular Medicine,Neurosciences,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry,Public health
                Keywords: Stroke assessment,Stroke, functional outcome,Cerebral infarction
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Geriatric medicine, Neurology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Neurosciences, Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry, Public health
                Keywords: Stroke assessment, Stroke, functional outcome, Cerebral infarction

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