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      Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme (SCC) Deficiency

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          Abstract

          Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (SCC) catalyzes the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone, the first step in the biosynthesis of all steroid hormones. It was once postulated that SCC deficiency would be lethal, but recent studies have established that SCC deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by inactivating mutations in the CYP11A1 gene. Clinical manifestations include adrenal insufficiency and 46,XY sex reversal due to disrupted steroidogenesis, which are similar to StAR deficiency. Further accumulation of patients with SCC deficiency should clarify the similarities and differences between SCC deficiency and StAR deficiency.

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          The purification, cloning, and expression of a novel luteinizing hormone-induced mitochondrial protein in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells. Characterization of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR).

          The acute response of steroidogenic cells to trophic hormone stimulation is the mobilization of cholesterol from cellular stores to the mitochondrial outer membrane and the transfer of this cholesterol to the mitochondrial inner membrane where the first enzymatic step in steroidogenesis occurs. The transfer of cholesterol across the mitochondrial membranes is dependent upon de novo protein synthesis, and this is the regulated step in the process. Although the newly synthesized regulatory protein(s) have yet to be identified, we previously have proposed a candidate protein which we identified in MA-10 cells that is synthesized in response to luteinizing hormone stimulation and that is localized to the mitochondria. In the present study, we report the isolation of a cDNA that encodes this luteinizing hormone-induced protein. Analysis of the cDNA and protein sequences reveals this is a novel protein. Importantly, we demonstrate for the first time that expression of the protein in MA-10 cells in the absence of hormone stimulation is sufficient to induce steroid production. We conclude that this protein is required in the acute regulation of steroidogenesis and propose to call this protein the Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory protein (StAR).
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            Role of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis.

            Congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia is an autosomal recessive disorder that is characterized by impaired synthesis of all adrenal and gonadal steroid hormones. In three unrelated individuals with this disorder, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, which enhances the mitochondrial conversion of cholesterol into pregnenolone, was mutated and nonfunctional, providing genetic evidence that this protein is indispensable normal adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis.
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              The pathophysiology and genetics of congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia.

              Congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia results in severe impairment of steroid biosynthesis in the adrenal glands and gonads that is manifested both in utero and postnatally. We recently found mutations in the gene for the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in four patients with this syndrome, but it was not clear whether all patients have such mutations or why there is substantial clinical variation in these patients. We directly sequenced the gene for steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in 15 patients with congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia from 10 countries. Identified mutations were confirmed and recreated in expression vectors, transfected into cultured cells, and assayed for the presence and activity of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein. Fifteen different mutations in the gene for steroidogenic acute regulatory protein were found in 14 patients; the mutation Gln258Stop was found in 80 percent of affected alleles from Japanese and Korean patients, and the mutation Arg182Leu was found in 78 percent of affected alleles from Palestinian patients. We developed diagnostic tests for these and eight other mutations. Thirteen of the 15 mutations were in exons 5, 6, or 7, and all rendered the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein inactive in functional assays. Some mutants with amino acid replacements were capable of normal mitochondrial processing, indicating that the activity of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein is not associated with its translocation into mitochondria. Steroidogenic cells lacking the protein retained low levels of steroidogenesis. This explains the secretion of some steroid hormones by the ovaries after puberty before affected cells accumulate large amounts of cholesterol esters. The congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia phenotype is the result of two separate events, an initial genetic loss of steroidogenesis that is dependent on steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and a subsequent loss of steroidogenesis that is independent of the protein due to cellular damage from accumulated cholesterol esters.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Clin Pediatr Endocrinol
                Clin Pediatr Endocrinol
                CPE
                Clinical Pediatric Endocrinology
                The Japanese Society for Pediatric Endocrinology
                0918-5739
                1347-7358
                08 August 2007
                2007
                : 16
                : 3
                : 63-68
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Dr. Noriyuki Katsumata, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan. E-mail: nkatsumata@ 123456nch.go.jp
                Article
                16-063
                10.1297/cpe.16.63
                4004890
                24790347
                f52f9a24-f62d-4e04-8bff-d065eb0b117a
                2007©The Japanese Society for Pediatric Endocrinology

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd) License.

                History
                : 15 March 2007
                : 18 April 2007
                Categories
                Review Article

                cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (scc),cyp11a1,steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (star),star,congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia

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