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      Volumetric components in the earthquake source related to fluid injection and stress state : Volumetric Components and Fluid Injection

      , , ,
      Geophysical Research Letters
      Wiley-Blackwell

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          Variations in earthquake-size distribution across different stress regimes.

          The earthquake size distribution follows, in most instances, a power law, with the slope of this power law, the 'b value', commonly used to describe the relative occurrence of large and small events (a high b value indicates a larger proportion of small earthquakes, and vice versa). Statistically significant variations of b values have been measured in laboratory experiments, mines and various tectonic regimes such as subducting slabs, near magma chambers, along fault zones and in aftershock zones. However, it has remained uncertain whether these differences are due to differing stress regimes, as it was questionable that samples in small volumes (such as in laboratory specimens, mines and the shallow Earth's crust) are representative of earthquakes in general. Given the lack of physical understanding of these differences, the observation that b values approach the constant 1 if large volumes are sampled was interpreted to indicate that b = 1 is a universal constant for earthquakes in general. Here we show that the b value varies systematically for different styles of faulting. We find that normal faulting events have the highest b values, thrust events the lowest and strike-slip events intermediate values. Given that thrust faults tend to be under higher stress than normal faults we infer that the b value acts as a stress meter that depends inversely on differential stress.
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            Earthquake triggering and large-scale geologic storage of carbon dioxide.

            Despite its enormous cost, large-scale carbon capture and storage (CCS) is considered a viable strategy for significantly reducing CO(2) emissions associated with coal-based electrical power generation and other industrial sources of CO(2) [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2005) IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage. Prepared by Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, eds Metz B, et al. (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK); Szulczewski ML, et al. (2012) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:5185-5189]. We argue here that there is a high probability that earthquakes will be triggered by injection of large volumes of CO(2) into the brittle rocks commonly found in continental interiors. Because even small- to moderate-sized earthquakes threaten the seal integrity of CO(2) repositories, in this context, large-scale CCS is a risky, and likely unsuccessful, strategy for significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
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              The compensated linear-vector dipole: A possible mechanism for deep earthquakes

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Geophysical Research Letters
                Geophys. Res. Lett.
                Wiley-Blackwell
                00948276
                January 28 2017
                January 28 2017
                : 44
                : 2
                : 800-809
                Article
                10.1002/2016GL071963
                f53dd41c-9010-4333-9739-69b5ec3c8d1e
                © 2017

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1

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