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      Tracking parallel adaptation of shell morphology through geological times in the land snail genus Pupilla (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Pupillidae)

      1 , 2 , 3
      Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
      Oxford University Press (OUP)

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          Abstract

          Changing environmental conditions force species either to disperse or to adapt locally either genetically or via phenotypic plasticity. Although limits of plasticity can be experimentally tested, the predictability of genetic adaptation is restricted due to its stochastic nature. Nevertheless, our understanding of evolutionary adaptation has been improving in particular through studies of parallel adaptation. Based on molecular phylogenetic inferences and morphological investigations of both recent and fossil shells we tracked the morphological changes in three land snails, Pupilla alpicola, Pupilla loessica and Pupilla muscorum. These species differ in habitat requirements as well as historical and extant distributions with P. alpicola and P. loessica being more similar to each other than to P. muscorum. Therefore, we hypothesized, that the three species reacted independently and individually to the conditions changing throughout the Pleistocene, but expected that changes within P. alpicola and P. loessica would be more similar compared to P. muscorum. Indeed, intraspecific shell shape differences across time were similar in P. alpicola and P. loessica, suggesting that similar niche shifts have led to similar transformations in parallel. In contrast, extant P. muscorum populations were practically identical in shape to their ancestors. They have probably tracked their ecological niches through time.

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          Author and article information

          Contributors
          Journal
          Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
          Oxford University Press (OUP)
          0024-4082
          1096-3642
          March 01 2021
          February 13 2021
          June 23 2020
          March 01 2021
          February 13 2021
          June 23 2020
          : 191
          : 3
          : 720-747
          Affiliations
          [1 ]AG Vogelwarte, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
          [2 ]Institute of Geography and Geology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
          [3 ]Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
          Article
          10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa057
          f542b24c-c94f-4ce8-b227-624e46f40c17
          © 2020

          https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model

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