Similaridade e fatores determinantes na salinidade das águas superficiais do Ceará, por técnicas multivariadas

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Abstract

Técnicas de estatística multivariada foram empregadas com o objetivo de identificar a similaridade dos reservatórios superficiais do Ceará, com relação à salinidade das águas e identificar os fatores determinantes da qualidade das águas. Os dados utilizados foram provenientes do banco de dados da Companhia de Gestão dos Recursos Hídricos do Ceará, no período de 1998/2009, no total de 807 amostras de 48 reservatórios. Os parâmetros considerados foram: Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, HCO3 -, CE e RAS. A análise de agrupamento hierárquico formou quatro grupos distintos, sendo determinantes os tipos e concentrações dos sais analisados. Nos grupos 1 e 2 a salinidade da água é definida principalmente pelas condições naturais de solo e clima da região e nos grupos 3 e 4, além desses fatores, a influência antrópica. O emprego da análise de fator/análise de componente principal promoveu a redução de sete características das águas superficiais do Estado Ceará, para dois componentes, sendo que o primeiro componente explicou 57,28% e o segundo, 26,77% da variância contida nas sete variáveis. Os parâmetros mais representativos na variabilidade da salinidade das águas foram Cl-, CE, Na+ e Mg2+, relacionados com a solubilidade dos sais.

Translated abstract

Multivariate statistical techniques were employed in order to identify the similarity in the salinity levels of the water reservoirs of Ceará State, Brazil. Also, to identify the factors that explain the variability of water quality. The data set used in this investigation came from the Company of Water Management (COGERH). The studied period extended from 1998 to 2009, in a total of 807 samples from 48 different sources. The investigated parameters were: Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+,Na+, HCO3 -, EC and SAR. The Hierarchical Cluster Analysis identified four groups, being the types and concentrations of the analyzed salts the determining factors. In groups 1 and 2, the salinity level of the water was, mainly, due to the geology and the climate of the region. While for group 3 and 4, besides these factors, the water salinity was influenced by human activities. According to the results, the first and the second components (independent factors) explaining, 57.28 and 26.77%, respectively, the total variance of seven variables. The most important parameters related to the variability of the water salinity level were Cl-, CE, Na+ and Mg2+, which were related to salt solubility.

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Abiotic stress, the field environment and stress combination.

Ron Mittler (2006)

Farmers and breeders have long known that often it is the simultaneous occurrence of several abiotic stresses, rather than a particular stress condition, that is most lethal to crops. Surprisingly, the co-occurrence of different stresses is rarely addressed by molecular biologists that study plant acclimation. Recent studies have revealed that the response of plants to a combination of two different abiotic stresses is unique and cannot be directly extrapolated from the response of plants to each of the different stresses applied individually. Tolerance to a combination of different stress conditions, particularly those that mimic the field environment, should be the focus of future research programs aimed at developing transgenic crops and plants with enhanced tolerance to naturally occurring environmental conditions.