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      Variables emocionales y food craving: influencia del ciclo menstrual Translated title: Emotional variables and food craving: influence of the menstrual cycle

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          Abstract

          Resumen Antecedentes. El ciclo reproductor femenino - que implica interacciones entre el cerebro, el útero y los ovarios - está constituido por la fase folicular o proliferativa (también denominada pre-ovulatoria), posteriormente, tiene lugar la ovulación, tras ella comienza la fase lútea o secretora y, por último, tiene lugar la fase menstrual. Durante el ciclo menstrual la mujer experimenta cambios hormonales que pueden provocarle síntomas físicos, psicológicos y comportamentales como cambios en el apetito, pudiendo afectarle así a su ingesta alimentaria. Un fenómeno observado durante la menstruación es el food craving, definido como una necesidad irresistible de consumir comida (“ansia”), siendo predominante desear consumir alimentos procesados durante la fase premenstrual, conducta que, también se asocia a un estado de ánimo negativo. No obstante, numerosos y diversos patrones alimentarios, así como también fluctuaciones en el estado emocional, se han observado en la mujer durante las diversas fases del ciclo menstrual. Por ello, es necesario una mayor investigación en esta área. Objetivos y método. El presente trabajo, tiene como objetivos observar la variación del food craving en función de las diferentes fases del ciclo menstrual y observar la influencia de variables emocionales (ansiedad-estado de ánimo negativo) en el “ansia por comer” (food craving). Para ello, se ha realizado una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus y otras fuentes como Wiley Online Library y ResearchGate, para obtener y contrastar las ideas de los autores de estudios previos con respecto al tema. Discusión. Se ha observado que existe una tendencia a un patrón energético-alimentario mayor durante la fase lútea junto con una experiencia “food craving” también incrementada durante esta etapa, en comparación con otras fases del ciclo menstrual. A nivel emocional, se ha observado que durante la fase premenstrual la mujer consume alimentos ultraprocesados como el chocolate con la creencia de que disminuyen los síntomas asociados a este periodo. Sin embargo, hay que mencionar que, en los estudios analizados, existe una elevada variabilidad con relación a los niveles hormonales, ingesta alimentaria y estado emocional de la mujer durante las diversas etapas del ciclo menstrual que ha dificultado la interpretación de los resultados. Conclusión. Los resultados analizados son poco concluyentes. Es evidente que el ciclo menstrual afecta tanto a la ingesta alimentaria como al estado emocional de la mujer pero se necesitan más estudios que permitan analizar la relación existente entre alimentación, food craving, ciclo menstrual y emociones de forma más precisa y concreta.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Background. The female reproductive cycle which involves interactions between the brain, the uterus and the ovaries, is made up of the follicular or proliferative phase (also called pre-ovulatory), later, ovulation takes place, after which the luteal or secretory phase begins and, finally, the menstrual phase takes place. During the menstrual cycle, the woman experiences hormonal changes that can cause physical, psychological and behavioral symptoms such as changes in appetite, thus affecting her food intake. A phenomenon observed during menstruation is food craving, defined as an irresistible need to consume food ("craving"), predominantly wanting to consume processed foods during the premenstrual phase, a behavior that, is also associated with a negative mood. However, numerous and diverse eating patterns, as well as fluctuations in emotional state, have been observed in women during the various phases of the menstrual cycle. Therefore, further research is needed in this area. Objectives and method. The present work aims to observe the variation of food craving in function of the different phases of the menstrual cycle and to observe the influence of emotional variables (anxiety-negative mood) in the “craving to eat” (food craving). For this, a bibliographic search was carried out in the databases PubMed, Scopus and other sources such as Wiley Online Library and ResearchGate, to obtain and contrast the ideas of the authors of previous studies regarding the topic. Discussion. It has been observed that there is a tendency to a higher energy-food pattern during the luteal phase together with an experience “food craving” also increased during this stage, in comparison with other phases of the menstrual cycle. On an emotional level, it has been observed that during the premenstrual phase, women consume ultra-processed foods such as chocolate in the belief that this will reduce the symptoms associated with this period. However, it should be mentioned that in the studies analyzed, there is high variability in relation to hormonal levels, food intake and emotional state of the woman during the various stages of the menstrual cycle, which has made it difficult to interpret the results. Conclusion. The analyzed results are inconclusive. It is clear that the menstrual cycle affects both food intake and the emotional state of women but more studies are needed to analyze the relationship between diet, food craving, the menstrual cycle and emotions in a more precise and concrete way.

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          Most cited references41

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          The normal menstrual cycle in women.

          The menstrual cycle in women is characterised by high variability in cycle length (26-35 days), 5-day menses, a fertile phase from 5 days before to the day of ovulation, and low fertility which is dependent on cycle length and age. All women show an FSH rise at the luteal-follicular transition, stimulating a cohort of follicular growth and inhibin B secretion in the early follicular phase. The ovulatory dominant follicle (DF) is selected in the mid-follicular phase, and as this DF grows it increasingly secretes oestradiol and inhibin A for a week before ovulation. Gonadotrophin responsiveness, IGF binding protein expression and degradation, and vascularisation have been identified to be crucial for DF selection and progression. Two-thirds of women show two follicle waves and 1/3 show 3 follicle waves per cycle. Three-wave women have longer cycles, and a later oestradiol rise and LH surge. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone, oestradiol and inhibin A in response to LH pulses, and reaches its peak in terms of size, secretions, and vascularization 6-7 days after ovulation. Luteal regression is passive and independent of the uterus, but can be prevented by hCG, the luteotrophic signal from the trophoblast, from 8 days after conception. Reductions in systemic steroid and protein hormone concentrations may be responsible for the FSH rise characteristic of premenopausal women. The functional layer of the endometrium shows steroid hormone-dependent proliferation, differentiation, and shedding in the absence of the trophoblast. Menstruation is initiated by progesterone responsive decidual cells, and executed by PGE and PGF2α, vasoconstriction and matrix metalloprotease secretion by leukocytes. Ovarian function and also hormone fluctuations during the menstrual cycle are similar to oestrous cycles of cows and mares, justifying research into comparative aspects of menstrual and oestrous cycles in monovulatory species. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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            Sex hormones, appetite and eating behaviour in women.

            Sex hormones play essential roles in the regulation of appetite, eating behaviour and energy metabolism and have been implicated in several major clinical disorders in women. Estrogen inhibits food intake, whereas progesterone and testosterone may stimulate appetite. This review describes recent findings concerning interactions between sex hormones and neuroendocrinological mechanisms in the control of appetite and eating in women. Furthermore, we are gaining insights into the roles played by sex hormones in the development of eating disorders and obesity. For instance, androgens may promote bulimia by stimulating appetite and reducing impulse control, a proposal supported by the observation that antiandrogenic treatment attenuates bulimic behaviour. Androgens are also involved in the pathophysiology of abdominal obesity in women. On the other hand, hormone replacement therapy with estrogen counteracts the weight gain and accumulation of abdominal fat associated with the menopausal transition. In conclusion, sex hormones and/or agents that exhibit similar activities may provide novel strategies for the treatment of eating disorders and android obesity, two of the most serious health problems for women today. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Human reproduction and health: an evolutionary perspective.

              According to life history theory, increased investment in reproductive function (physiology and behaviour) at different times throughout the life course affects the risk of many diseases and, ultimately, longevity. Although genetic factors contribute to interindividual and interpopulation variation in reproductive traits, the dominant source of variability is phenotypic plasticity during development and adult life. Reproductive traits in both sexes evolved sensitivity to ecological conditions, as reflected in contemporary associations of hormone concentrations with geographical setting, nutritional status, and physical activity level. Lifetime exposure to increased concentrations of sex hormones is associated with the risk of some cancers, hence decreasing fertility patterns contribute to secular increases in their incidence. Conversely, increased investment in reproductive function might compromise somatic investment in health, such that faster sexual maturation and higher parity increases risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. An evolutionary perspective on reproductive biology could improve the efficacy of public health efforts to reduce the risk of hormone-sensitive cancers and other non-communicable diseases.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                jonnpr
                Journal of Negative and No Positive Results
                JONNPR
                Research and Science S.L. (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                2529-850X
                March 2022
                : 7
                : 1
                : 28-63
                Affiliations
                [1] Sevilla Andalucía orgnameUniversidad Pablo de Olavide Spain
                Article
                S2529-850X2022000100028 S2529-850X(22)00700100028
                10.19230/jonnpr.4429
                f571ef3f-10ca-4a27-8e63-0b1e3c342635

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 19 July 2021
                : 13 July 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 41, Pages: 36
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                SciELO Spain

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                Revisión

                food craving,luteal phase,premenstrual phase,follicular phase,Menstrual cycle,emociones,fase lútea,fase premenstrual,fase folicular,Ciclo menstrual,emotions

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