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      Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of short and medium chain polychlorinated paraffins in different species of fish from Liaodong Bay, North China

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      Scientific Reports
      Nature Publishing Group UK

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          Abstract

          Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are highly complex technical mixtures, and the short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are classed as persistent and have been included in the Stockholm Convention. However, there have been few studies of SCCPs and medium chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) and their bioaccumulation and biomagnification in different species of fish. The present study investigated the levels, congener group profiles, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of SCCPs and MCCPs in different species of fish from Liaodong Bay, North China. The ranges for the ΣSCCP and ΣMCCP concentrations were 376.3–8596 ng/g lipid weight (lw) and 22.37–5097 ng/g lw, respectively. The logarithms of bioaccumulation factors of ΣSCCPs ranged from 4.69 to 6.05, implying that SCCPs bioaccumulated in the fish. The trophic magnification factor of ΣSCCPs was 2.57, indicating that SCCPs could biomagnify in fish. Carbon chain length, the numbers of chlorine atoms, and octanol/water partition coefficients of the SCCPs and MCCPs might be important factors affecting the bioaccumulation of these chemicals in fish. The risk posed to human health by consumption of fish containing SCCPs was low. New SCCPs with nine carbons (C 9) were detected in fish in this study.

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          Most cited references44

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          Technical basis for establishing sediment quality criteria for nonionic organic chemicals using equilibrium partitioning

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            Revisiting bioaccumulation criteria for POPs and PBT assessments.

            Scientists from academia, industry, and government reviewed current international regulations for the screening of commercial chemicals for bioaccumulation in the context of the current state of bioaccumulation science. On the basis of this review, several recommendations were proposed, including a scientific definition for "bioaccumulative substances," improved criteria for the characterization of bioaccumulative substances (including the trophic magnification factor and the biomagnification factor), novel methods for measuring and calculating bioaccumulation properties, and a framework for screening commercial chemicals for bioaccumulative substances. The proposed framework for bioaccumulation screening improves current practices by reducing miscategorization, making more effective use of available bioaccumulation data that currently cannot be considered, reducing the need for animal testing, providing simpler and cheaper test protocols for animal studies in case animal studies are necessary, making use of alternative testing strategies, including in vitro and in silico metabolic transformation assays, and providing a scientific foundation for bioaccumulation screening that can act to harmonize bioaccumulation screening among various jurisdictions.
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              Influence of chemical and biological factors on trophic transfer of persistent organic pollutants in the northwater polynya marine food web.

              Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and stable isotopes of nitrogen (delta 15N) were measured in zooplankton (6 species), a benthic invertebrate (Anonyx nugax), Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida), seabirds (6 species), and ringed seals (Phoca hispida) collected in 1998 in the Northwater Polynya to examine effects of biological and chemical factors on trophic transfer of POPs in an Arctic marine food web. Strong positive relationships were found between recalcitrant POP concentrations (lipid corrected) and trophic level based on stable isotopes of nitrogen, providing clear evidence of POP biomagnification in Arctic marine food webs. Food web magnification factors (FWMFs), derived from the slope of the POP--trophic level relationship, provided an overall magnification factor for the food web but over and underestimated biomagnification factors (BMFs) based on predator--prey concentrations in poikilotherms (fish) and homeotherms (seabirds and mammals), respectively. Greater biomagnification in homeotherms was attributed to their greater energy requirement and subsequent feeding rates. Within the homeotherms, seabirds had greater BMFs than ringed seals, consistent with greater energy demands in birds. Scavenging from marine mammal carcasses and accumulation in more contaminated winter habitats were considered important variables in seabird BMFs. Metabolic differences between species resulted in lower than expected BMFs, which would not be recognized in whole food web trophic level--POP relationships. The use of sigma POP groups, such as sigma PCB, is problematic because FWMFs and BMFs varied considerably between individual POPs. FWMFs of recalcitrant POPs had a strong positive relationship with log octanol--water partition coefficient (Kow). Results of this study show the utility of using delta 15N to characterize trophic level and trophic transfer of POPs but highlight the effects of species and chemical differences on trophic transfer of POPs that can be overlooked when a single magnification factor is applied to an entire food web.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                gaolr@rcees.ac.cn
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                7 September 2017
                7 September 2017
                2017
                : 7
                : 10749
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000000119573309, GRID grid.9227.e, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, , Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; No. 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District Beijing, 100085 China
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1797 8419, GRID grid.410726.6, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; No. 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District Beijing, 100049 China
                Article
                6148
                10.1038/s41598-017-06148-5
                5589728
                28883426
                f5763c72-a9ad-4cdc-833d-8d723330421f
                © The Author(s) 2017

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 31 May 2016
                : 9 June 2017
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