Development and validation of a high-speed stereoscopic eyetracker

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Abstract

Traditional video-based eyetrackers require participants to perform an individual calibration procedure, which involves the fixation of multiple points on a screen. However, certain participants (e.g., people with oculomotor and/or visual problems or infants) are unable to perform this task reliably. Previous work has shown that with two cameras one can estimate the orientation of the eyes’ optical axis directly. Consequently, only one calibration point is needed to determine the deviation between an eye’s optical and visual axes. We developed a stereo eyetracker with two USB 3.0 cameras and two infrared light sources that can track both eyes at ~ 350 Hz for eccentricities of up to 20°. A user interface allows for online monitoring and threshold adjustments of the pupil and corneal reflections. We validated this tracker by collecting eye movement data from nine healthy participants and compared these data to eye movement records obtained simultaneously with an established eyetracking system (EyeLink 1000 Plus). The results demonstrated that the two-dimensional accuracy of our portable system is better than 1°, allowing for at least ± 5-cm head motion. Its resolution is better than 0.2° ( SD), and its sample-to-sample noise is less than 0.05° (RMS). We concluded that our stereo eyetracker is a valid instrument, especially in settings in which individual calibration is challenging.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.3758/s13428-018-1026-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Despite active research and significant progress in the last 30 years, eye detection and tracking remains challenging due to the individuality of eyes, occlusion, variability in scale, location, and light conditions. Data on eye location and details of eye movements have numerous applications and are essential in face detection, biometric identification, and particular human-computer interaction tasks. This paper reviews current progress and state of the art in video-based eye detection and tracking in order to identify promising techniques as well as issues to be further addressed. We present a detailed review of recent eye models and techniques for eye detection and tracking. We also survey methods for gaze estimation and compare them based on their geometric properties and reported accuracies. This review shows that, despite their apparent simplicity, the development of a general eye detection technique involves addressing many challenges, requires further theoretical developments, and is consequently of interest to many other domains problems in computer vision and beyond.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Annemiek D. Barsingerhorn: a.barsingerhorn@donders.ru.nl

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Behav Res Methods

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Behav Res Methods

Title: Behavior Research Methods

Publisher: Springer US (New York )

ISSN (Print): 1554-351X

ISSN (Electronic): 1554-3528

Publication date (Electronic): 5 March 2018

Publication date PMC-release: 5 March 2018

Publication date (Print): 2018

Volume: 50

Issue: 6

Pages: 2480-2497

Affiliations

[1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0444 9382, GRID grid.10417.33, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Biophysics Section, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, , Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, ; Nijmegen, The Netherlands

[2 ]ISNI 0000000122931605, GRID grid.5590.9, Department of Biophysics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, , Radboud University Nijmegen, ; Nijmegen, The Netherlands

[3 ]Royal Dutch Visio—National Foundation for the Visually Impaired and Blind, Huizen, The Netherlands

[4 ]Bartiméus Institute for the Visually Impaired, Zeist, The Netherlands

Article

Publisher ID: 1026

DOI: 10.3758/s13428-018-1026-7

PMC ID: 6267515

PubMed ID: 29508237

SO-VID: f57c8c8f-89d9-4d88-9a9d-d9972ae070be

License:

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.