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      Amelioration of Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcers in Rats Pretreated with Phycobiliproteins of Arthrospira ( Spirulina) Maxima

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          Abstract

          Phycobiliproteins of Arthrospira ( Spirulina) maxima have attracted attention because of their potential therapeutic antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to assess the possible antiulcerogenic activity of these phycobiliproteins (ExPhy) against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats. To explore the possible mechanisms of action, we examined antioxidant defense enzymes (e.g., catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase), as well as the level of lipid peroxidation (MDA) and the histopathological changes in the gastric mucosa. Intragastric administration of ExPhy (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight) significantly lowered the ulcer index value compared to the ulcer control group ( p < 0.05). The greatest protection was provided by the concentration of 400 mg/kg. The histological study supported the observed gastroprotective activity of ExPhy, showing a reduced inflammatory response. Moreover, the alcohol-induced decrease in stomach antioxidant enzyme activity found in the ulcer control group was prevented by ExPhy pretreatment. Furthermore, ExPhy reversed the ethanol-induced increase in lipid peroxidation. In summary, the antiulcerogenic potential of ExPhy may be due, at least in part, to its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

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          The Paragon Algorithm, a next generation search engine that uses sequence temperature values and feature probabilities to identify peptides from tandem mass spectra.

          Ignat Shilov, Sean Seymour, Alpesh A Patel … (2007)
          The Paragon Algorithm, a novel database search engine for the identification of peptides from tandem mass spectrometry data, is presented. Sequence Temperature Values are computed using a sequence tag algorithm, allowing the degree of implication by an MS/MS spectrum of each region of a database to be determined on a continuum. Counter to conventional approaches, features such as modifications, substitutions, and cleavage events are modeled with probabilities rather than by discrete user-controlled settings to consider or not consider a feature. The use of feature probabilities in conjunction with Sequence Temperature Values allows for a very large increase in the effective search space with only a very small increase in the actual number of hypotheses that must be scored. The algorithm has a new kind of user interface that removes the user expertise requirement, presenting control settings in the language of the laboratory that are translated to optimal algorithmic settings. To validate this new algorithm, a comparison with Mascot is presented for a series of analogous searches to explore the relative impact of increasing search space probed with Mascot by relaxing the tryptic digestion conformance requirements from trypsin to semitrypsin to no enzyme and with the Paragon Algorithm using its Rapid mode and Thorough mode with and without tryptic specificity. Although they performed similarly for small search space, dramatic differences were observed in large search space. With the Paragon Algorithm, hundreds of biological and artifact modifications, all possible substitutions, and all levels of conformance to the expected digestion pattern can be searched in a single search step, yet the typical cost in search time is only 2-5 times that of conventional small search space. Despite this large increase in effective search space, there is no drastic loss of discrimination that typically accompanies the exploration of large search space.
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            COMPLEMENTARY CHROMATIC ADAPTATION IN A FILAMENTOUS BLUE-GREEN ALGA

            J Allen Bennett, Lawrence Bogorad (1973)
            Fluorescent and red light environments generate greatly different patterns of pigmentation and morphology in Fremyella diplosiphon. Most strikingly, red-illuminated cultures contain no measurable C-phycoerythrin and have a mean filament length about 10 times shorter than fluorescent-illuminated cultures. C-phycoerythrin behaves as a photoinducible constituent of this alga. Spectrophotometric and immunochemical procedures were devised so that C-phycoerythrin metabolism could be studied quantitatively with [14C]-phenylalanine pulse-chased cultures. Transfer of red-illuminated cultures to fluorescent light initiates C-phycoerythrin production by essentially de novo synthesis. C-phycoerythrin is not degraded to any significant extent in cultures continuously illuminated with fluorescent light. Transfer of fluorescent-illuminated cultures to red light causes an abrupt cessation of C-phycoerythrin synthesis. The C-phycoerythrin content of cultures adapting to red light decreases and subsequently becomes constant. Loss of C-phycoerythrin is not brought about by metabolic degradation, but rather by a decrease in mean filament length which is effected by transcellular breakage. In this experimental system, light influences intracellular C-phycoerythrin levels by regulating the rate of synthesis of the chromoprotein.
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              C-phycocyanin: a biliprotein with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects.

              Ch. Romay, R. González, N Ledón … (2003)
              Phycocyanin (Pc) is a phycobiliprotein that has been recently reported to exhibit a variety of pharmacological properties. In this regard, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and hepatoprotective effects have been experimentally attributed to Pc. When it was evaluated as an antioxidant in vitro, it was able to scavenge alkoxyl, hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals and to react with peroxinitrite (ONOO(-);) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Pc also inhibits microsomal lipid peroxidation induced by Fe(+2)-ascorbic acid or the free radical initiator 2,2' azobis (2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH). Furthermore, it reduces carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced lipid peroxidation in vivo. Pc has been evaluated in twelve experimental models of inflammation and exerted anti-inflammatory effects in a dose-dependent fashion in all of these. Thus, Pc reduced edema, histamine (Hi) release, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and the levels of prostaglandin (PGE(2)) and leukotriene (LTB(4)) in the inflamed tissues. These anti-inflammatory effects of Pc can be due to its scavenging properties toward oxygen reactive species (ROS) and its inhibitory effects on cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) activity and on Hi release from mast cells. Pc also reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) in the blood serum of mice treated with endotoxin and it showed neuroprotective effects in rat cerebellar granule cell cultures and in kainate-induced brain injury in rats.
              Article 0 comments Cited 142 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nutrients
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nutrients
                Journal ID (publisher-id): nutrients
                Title: Nutrients
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2072-6643
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 June 2018
                Publication date Collection: June 2018
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 6
                Electronic Location Identifier: 763
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07738 Ciudad de México, Mexico; oguz1985@ 123456live.com.mx (O.G.-G.); pastenrich@ 123456yahoo.com.mx (R.P.-P.-B.)
                [2 ]Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo en Resolución Analítica, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, 91190 Veracruz, Mexico; rosga74@ 123456hotmail.com
                [3 ]Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07738 Ciudad de México, Mexico; quevedocorona@ 123456hotmail.com
                [4 ]Departamento de Morfología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11350 Ciudad de México, Mexico; jazzband19@ 123456hotmail.com
                [5 ]Unidad de Genómica, Proteómica y Metabolómica, LaNSE, Cinvestav-IPN, 07360 Ciudad de México, Mexico; eriosc@ 123456cinvestav.mx
                [6 ]Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico; msperez@ 123456correo.xoc.uam.mx (S.P.-G.); jperez@ 123456correo.xoc.uam.mx (J.P.-R.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: gchamcev@ 123456yahoo.com.mx ; Tel.: + 52-57296300 (ext. 52398)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1040-1532
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1069-5558
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7671-7943
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8935-9831
                Article
                Publisher ID: nutrients-10-00763
                DOI: 10.3390/nu10060763
                PMC ID: 6024796
                PubMed ID: 29899291
                SO-VID: f589bc6e-7f63-4bbb-a148-4eb3e193074f
                Copyright © © 2018 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 19 April 2018
                Date accepted : 08 June 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: antiulcerogenic,arthrospira (spirulina) maxima,phycobiliproteins,ethanol
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: antiulcerogenic, arthrospira (spirulina) maxima, phycobiliproteins, ethanol

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