Bovine cryptosporidiosis: impact, host-parasite interaction and control strategies

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Abstract

Gastrointestinal disease caused by the apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum is one of the most important diseases of young ruminant livestock, particularly neonatal calves. Infected animals may suffer from profuse watery diarrhoea, dehydration and in severe cases death can occur. At present, effective therapeutic and preventative measures are not available and a better understanding of the host–pathogen interactions is required. Cryptosporidium parvum is also an important zoonotic pathogen causing severe disease in people, with young children being particularly vulnerable. Our knowledge of the immune responses induced by Cryptosporidium parasites in clinically relevant hosts is very limited. This review discusses the impact of bovine cryptosporidiosis and describes how a thorough understanding of the host–pathogen interactions may help to identify novel prevention and control strategies.

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A review of the global burden, novel diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine targets for cryptosporidium.

William Checkley, A. White, Devan Jaganath … (2015)

Cryptosporidium spp are well recognised as causes of diarrhoeal disease during waterborne epidemics and in immunocompromised hosts. Studies have also drawn attention to an underestimated global burden and suggest major gaps in optimum diagnosis, treatment, and immunisation. Cryptosporidiosis is increasingly identified as an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Studies in low-resource settings and high-income countries have confirmed the importance of cryptosporidium as a cause of diarrhoea and childhood malnutrition. Diagnostic tests for cryptosporidium infection are suboptimum, necessitating specialised tests that are often insensitive. Antigen-detection and PCR improve sensitivity, and multiplexed antigen detection and molecular assays are underused. Therapy has some effect in healthy hosts and no proven efficacy in patients with AIDS. Use of cryptosporidium genomes has helped to identify promising therapeutic targets, and drugs are in development, but methods to assess the efficacy in vitro and in animals are not well standardised. Partial immunity after exposure suggests the potential for successful vaccines, and several are in development; however, surrogates of protection are not well defined. Improved methods for propagation and genetic manipulation of the organism would be significant advances. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Maturation of mouse NK cells is a 4-stage developmental program.

Laura Chiossone, Julie Chaix, Nicolas Fuseri … (2009)

Surface density of CD27 and CD11b subdivides mouse natural killer (NK) cells into 4 subsets: CD11b(low)CD27(low), CD11b(low)CD27(high), CD11b(high)CD27(high), and CD11b(high)CD27(low). To determine the developmental relationship between these 4 subsets, we used several complementary approaches. First, we took advantage of NDE transgenic mice that express enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and diphtheria toxin receptor specifically in NK cells. Diphtheria toxin injection leads to a transient depletion of NK cells, allowing the monitoring of the phenotype of developing EGFP+ NK cells after diphtheria toxin injection. Second, we evaluated the overall proximity between NK-cell subsets based on their global gene profile. Third, we compared the proliferative capacity of NK-cell subsets at steady state or during replenishment of the NK-cell pool. Fourth, we performed adoptive transfers of EGFP+ NK cell subsets from NDE mice into unirradiated mice and followed the fate of transferred cells. The results of these various experiments collectively support a 4-stage model of NK-cell maturation CD11b(low)CD27(low) --> CD11b(low)CD27(high) --> CD11b(high)CD27(high) --> CD11b(high)CD27(low). This developmental program appears to be associated with a progressive acquisition of NK-cell effector functions.

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FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 is required for dendritic cell development in peripheral lymphoid tissues

Claudia Waskow, Kang Liu, Guillaume Darrasse-Jèze … (2008)

Dendritic cell (DC) development begins in the bone marrow but is not completed until after immature progenitors reach their sites of residence in lymphoid organs. The hematopoietic growth factors regulating these processes are poorly understood. Here we examine the effects of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (Flt3) signaling on macrophage DC progenitors (MDP) in the bone marrow and on peripheral DCs. We find that the MDP compartment is responsive to super–physiologic levels of Flt3 ligand (Flt3L) but is not dependent on Flt3 for its homeostatic maintenance in vivo. In contrast, Flt3 is essential in regulation of homeostatic DC development in the spleen where it is required to maintain normal numbers of DCs by controlling their division in the periphery.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Sarah Thomson:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0549-1104

Sarah.Thomson@moredun.ac.uk

Carly A. Hamilton: Carly.Hamilton@roslin.ed.ac.uk

Jayne C. Hope: Jayne.Hope@roslin.ed.ac.uk

Frank Katzer: Frank.Katzer@moredun.ac.uk

Neil A. Mabbott: Neil.Mabbott@roslin.ac.uk

Liam J. Morrison: Liam.Morrison@roslin.ed.ac.uk

Elisabeth A. Innes: lee.innes@moredun.ac.uk

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Vet Res

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Vet. Res

Title: Veterinary Research

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Print): 0928-4249

ISSN (Electronic): 1297-9716

Publication date (Electronic): 11 August 2017

Publication date PMC-release: 11 August 2017

Publication date (Print): 2017

Volume: 48

Electronic Location Identifier: 42

Affiliations

[1 ]Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ Scotland, UK

[2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7988, GRID grid.4305.2, The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, , University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, ; Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK

Author information

Sarah Thomson http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0549-1104

Article

Publisher ID: 447

DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0447-0

PMC ID: 5553596

PubMed ID: 28800747

SO-VID: f5907ad0-a9d0-48ea-87c5-0deb03a60333

License:

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

History

Date received : 20 February 2017

Date accepted : 1 August 2017

Funding

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000268, Biotechnologyand Biological Sciences Research Council;

Award ID: BB/MO12751/1

Award ID: BB/J004227/1

Funded by: Rural andEnvironmental Science and Analytical Services Division

Funded by: Royal Society UniversityResearch Fellowship

Award ID: UF140610

Award Recipient : Liam J. Morrison

Funded by: Rural and Environmental Science and AnalyticalDivision

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine

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Bovine cryptosporidiosis: impact, host-parasite interaction and control strategies

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Most cited references 126

A review of the global burden, novel diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine targets for cryptosporidium.

Maturation of mouse NK cells is a 4-stage developmental program.

FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 is required for dendritic cell development in peripheral lymphoid tissues

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Cited by 81

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