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      A Comparative Study of Coupled Preferential Crystallizers for the Efficient Resolution of Conglomerate-Forming Enantiomers

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          Abstract

          The separation of enantiomers is of great importance due to their possible differences in therapeutic properties. Preferential crystallization in various configurations of coupled batch crystallizers is used as an attractive means to separate the conglomerate-forming enantiomers from racemic mixtures. However, the productivity of such batch processes can be limited by the nucleation of the counter enantiomer and consumption of the supersaturation. In this work, a recently proposed process configuration, which uses coupled mixed suspension mixed product removal (MSMPR) with liquid phase exchange, is investigated by simulation studies. A detailed study on the effect of process parameters (e.g., feed flow rate, seed mass, and liquid phase exchange) on the productivity and yield of the coupled MSMPR has been presented. Moreover, a comparison of various coupled crystallizer configurations is carried out. It is shown through simulation studies that the productivity of the enantiomeric separation can be significantly improved compared to the previously proposed batch modes when the continuous configuration is used. The effect of nucleation kinetic parameters on the performances of various crystallizer configurations is studied as well. A set of coupled population balance equations (PBEs) was used to describe the evolution of the crystal phase of the both enantiomers in each vessel. These equations were solved numerically using the quadrature method of moments. The insights obtained in this study will be useful in the process design of coupled crystallizer systems.

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          Total Chiral Symmetry Breaking during Crystallization: Who needs a "Mother Crystal"?

          Processes that can produce states of broken chiral symmetry are of particular interest to physics, chemistry and biology. Chiral symmetry breaking during crystallization of sodium chlorate occurs via the production of secondary crystals of the same handedness from a single "mother crystal" that seeds the solution. Here we report that a large and "symmetric" population of D- and L-crystals moves into complete chiral purity disappearing one of the enantiomers. This result shows: (i) a new symmetry breaking process incompatible with the hypothesis of a single "mother crystal"; (ii) that complete symmetry breaking and chiral purity can be achieved from an initial system with both enantiomers. These findings demand a new explanation to the process of total symmetry breaking in crystallization without the intervention of a "mother crystal" and open the debate on this fascinating phenomenon. We present arguments to show that our experimental data can been explained with a new model of "complete chiral purity induced by nonlinear autocatalysis and recycling".
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            Separation of enantiomers: needs, challenges, perspectives

            Chiral drugs, agrochemicals, food additives and fragrances represent classes of compounds with high economic and scientific potential. First the present implications of their chiral nature and necessity of separating enantiomers are summarised in this article. In the following a brief overview of the actual approaches to perform enantioseparations at analytical and preparative scale is given. Challenging aspects of these strategies, such as problems associated with data management, choice of suitable chiral selectors for given enantioseparations and enhanced understanding of the underlying chiral recognition principles, are discussed. Alternatives capable of meeting the requirements of industrial processes, in terms of productivity, cost-effectiveness and environmental issues (e.g., enantioselective membranes) are critically reviewed. The impact of combinatorial methodologies on faster and more effective development and optimisation of novel chiral selectors is outlined. Finally, the merits and limitations of most recent trends in discrimination of enantiomers, including advances in the fields of sensors, microanalysis systems, chiroptical methods and chemical force microscopy are evaluated.
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              Economic Analysis of Integrated Continuous and Batch Pharmaceutical Manufacturing: A Case Study

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Pharmaceutics
                Pharmaceutics
                pharmaceutics
                Pharmaceutics
                MDPI
                1999-4923
                05 December 2017
                December 2017
                : 9
                : 4
                : 55
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK
                [2 ]Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK; zknagy@ 123456purdue.edu
                [3 ]Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2100, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: a.majumder@ 123456abdn.ac.uk ; Tel.: +44-(0)1224-272499
                Article
                pharmaceutics-09-00055
                10.3390/pharmaceutics9040055
                5750661
                29206148
                f59fe955-bdda-4de7-906e-bafd3da6fea1
                © 2017 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 21 September 2017
                : 23 November 2017
                Categories
                Article

                chiral resolution,coupled crystallizer,crystallization modelling,enantioseparation,msmpr

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