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      Food insecurity among households with children during the COVID-19 pandemic: results from a study among social media users across the United States

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          Abstract

          Background

          In the United States, approximately 11% of households were food insecure prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study aims to describe the prevalence of food insecurity among adults and households with children living in the United States during the pandemic.

          Methods

          This study utilized social media as a recruitment platform to administer an original online survey on demographics and COVID-related food insecurity. The survey was disseminated through an advertisement campaign on Facebook and affiliated platforms. Food insecurity was assessed with a validated six-item United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Household Food Security Survey Module, which was used to create a six-point numerical food security score, where a higher score indicates lower food security. Individual-level participant demographic information was also collected. Logistic regressions (low/very-low compared with high/marginal food security) were performed to generate adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95%CIs for food insecurity and select demographic characteristics.

          Results

          Advertisements reached 250,701 individuals and resulted in 5,606 complete surveys. Overall, 14.7% of participants self-identified as having low or very low food security in their households, with higher prevalence (17.5%) among households with children. Unemployment (AOR:1.76, 95%CI:1.09–2.80), high school or lower education (AOR:2.25, 95%CI:1.29–3.90), and low income (AOR[$30,000-$50,000]:5.87, 95%CI:3.35–10.37; AOR[< $30,000]:10.61, 95%CI:5.50–20.80) were associated with higher odds of food insecurity in multivariable models among households with children (and the whole sample).

          Conclusions

          These data indicate exacerbation of food insecurity during the pandemic. The study will be instrumental in guiding additional research and time-sensitive interventions targeted towards vulnerable food insecure subgroups.

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          Most cited references36

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          The Socio-Economic Implications of the Coronavirus and COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review

          Maria R.C. Nicola, Zaid Alsafi, Catrin Sohrabi … (2020)
          The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in over 1.4 million confirmed cases and over 83,000 deaths globally. It has also sparked fears of an impending economic crisis and recession. Social distancing, self-isolation and travel restrictions forced a decrease in the workforce across all economic sectors and caused many jobs to be lost. Schools have closed down, and the need of commodities and manufactured products has decreased. In contrast, the need for medical supplies has significantly increased. The food sector has also seen a great demand due to panic-buying and stockpiling of food products. In response to this global outbreak, we summarise the socio-economic effects of COVID-19 on individual aspects of the world economy.
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            Eating habits and lifestyle changes during COVID-19 lockdown: an Italian survey

            Claudia Leggeri, Francesco Scerbo, Ernesto Esposito … (2020)
            Background On December 12th 2019, a new coronavirus (SARS-Cov2) emerged in Wuhan, China, sparking a pandemic of acute respiratory syndrome in humans (COVID-19). On the 24th of April 2020, the number of COVID-19 deaths in the world, according to the COVID-Case Tracker by Johns Hopkins University, was 195,313, and the number of COVID-19 confirmed cases was 2,783,512. The COVID-19 pandemic represents a massive impact on human health, causing sudden lifestyle changes, through social distancing and isolation at home, with social and economic consequences. Optimizing public health during this pandemic requires not only knowledge from the medical and biological sciences, but also of all human sciences related to lifestyle, social and behavioural studies, including dietary habits and lifestyle. Methods Our study aimed to investigate the immediate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on eating habits and lifestyle changes among the Italian population aged ≥ 12 years. The study comprised a structured questionnaire packet that inquired demographic information (age, gender, place of residence, current employment); anthropometric data (reported weight and height); dietary habits information (adherence to the Mediterranean diet, daily intake of certain foods, food frequency, and number of meals/day); lifestyle habits information (grocery shopping, habit of smoking, sleep quality and physical activity). The survey was conducted from the 5th to the 24th of April 2020. Results A total of 3533 respondents have been included in the study, aged between 12 and 86 years (76.1% females). The perception of weight gain was observed in 48.6% of the population; 3.3% of smokers decided to quit smoking; a slight increased physical activity has been reported, especially for bodyweight training, in 38.3% of respondents; the population group aged 18–30 years resulted in having a higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet when compared to the younger and the elderly population (p < 0.001; p < 0.001, respectively); 15% of respondents turned to farmers or organic, purchasing fruits and vegetables, especially in the North and Center of Italy, where BMI values were lower. Conclusions In this study, we have provided for the first time data on the Italian population lifestyle, eating habits and adherence to the Mediterranean Diet pattern during the COVID-19 lockdown. However, as the COVID-19 pandemic is ongoing, our data need to be confirmed and investigated in future more extensive population studies.
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              Effects of COVID‐19 Lockdown on Lifestyle Behaviors in Children with Obesity Living in Verona, Italy: A Longitudinal Study

              Angelo Pietrobelli, Luca Pecoraro, Alessandro Ferruzzi … (2020)
              Abstract Objective To test the hypothesis that youths with obesity, when removed from structured school activities and confined to their homes during the COVID‐19 pandemic, will display unfavorable trends in lifestyle behaviors. Methods The sample included 41 children and adolescents with obesity participating in a longitudinal observational study located in Verona, Italy. Lifestyle information including diet, activity, and sleep behaviors were collected at baseline and three weeks into the national lockdown during which home confinement was mandatory. Changes in outcomes over the two study time points were evaluated for significance using paired t‐tests. Results There were no changes in reported vegetable intake; fruit intake increased (p=0.055) during the lockdown. By contrast, potato chip, red meat, and sugary drink intakes increased significantly during the lockdown (p‐value range, 0.005 to <0.001). Time spent in sports activities decreased (X±SD) by 2.30±4.60 hours/week (p=0.003) and sleep time increased by 0.65±1.29 hours/day (p=0.003). Screen time increased by 4.85±2.40 hours/day (p<0.001). Conclusions Recognizing these adverse collateral effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic lockdown is critical in avoiding depreciation of weight control efforts among youths afflicted with excess adiposity. Depending on duration, these untoward lockdown effects may have a lasting impact on a child’s or adolescent’s adult adiposity level.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Niyati Parekh:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-0528
                np31@nyu.edu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nutr J
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nutr J
                Title: Nutrition Journal
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1475-2891
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 August 2021
                Publication date PMC-release: 30 August 2021
                Publication date Collection: 2021
                Volume: 20
                Electronic Location Identifier: 73
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.137628.9, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8753, Public Health Nutrition Program, School of Global Public Health, , New York University, ; 715 Broadway New York, Room 1220, New York, 10003 USA
                [2 ]GRID grid.137628.9, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8753, Department of Population Health At NYU Grossman School of Medicine, , New York University, ; New York, USA
                [3 ]GRID grid.137628.9, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8753, Rory Meyers College of Nursing, , New York University, ; New York, USA
                [4 ]GRID grid.137628.9, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8753, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Global Public Health, , New York University, ; New York, USA
                [5 ]GRID grid.137628.9, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8753, Global Health Program, School of Global Public Health, , New York University, ; New York, USA
                [6 ]GRID grid.137628.9, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8753, Department of Epidemiology, School of Global Public Health, , New York University, ; New York, USA
                [7 ]GRID grid.1008.9, ISNI 0000 0001 2179 088X, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, , University of Melbourne, ; Melbourne, Australia
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-0528
                Article
                Publisher ID: 732
                DOI: 10.1186/s12937-021-00732-2
                PMC ID: 8403824
                PubMed ID: 34461913
                SO-VID: f5e13fa6-7313-4716-a433-c9807869ab23
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2021
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                Date received : 30 December 2020
                Date accepted : 16 August 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Research
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2021

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: food insecurity,covid-19,households with children,social media
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: food insecurity, covid-19, households with children, social media

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