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      Uncoupling protein 3 transcription is regulated by peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α in the adult rodent heart

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          Abstract

          Relatively little is known concerning the regulation of uncoupling proteins (UCPs) in the heart. We investigated in the adult rodent heart 1) whether changes in workload, substrate supply, or cytokine (TNF-alpha) administration affect UCP-2 and UCP-3 expression, and 2) whether peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) regulates the expression of either UCP-2 or UCP-3. Direct comparisons were made between cardiac and skeletal muscle. UCP-2, UCP-3, and PPARalpha expression were reduced when cardiac workload was either increased (pressure overload by aortic constriction) or decreased (mechanical unloading by heterotopic transplantation). Similar results were observed during cytokine administration. Reduced dietary fatty acid availability resulted in decreased expression of both cardiac UCP-2 and UCP-3. However, when fatty acid (the natural ligand for PPARalpha) supply was increased (high-fat feeding, fasting, and STZ-induced diabetes), cardiac UCP-3 but not UCP-2 expression increased. Comparable results were observed in rats treated with the specific PPARalpha agonist WY-14,643. The level of cardiac UCP-3 but not UCP-2 expression was severely reduced (20-fold) in PPARalpha-/- mice compared to wild-type mice. These results suggest that in the adult rodent heart, UCP-3 expression is regulated by PPARalpha. In contrast, cardiac UCP-2 expression is regulated in part by a fatty acid-dependent, PPARalpha-independent mechanism.

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          Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction

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            Mechanisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration through the thermogenic coactivator PGC-1.

            Mitochondrial number and function are altered in response to external stimuli in eukaryotes. While several transcription/replication factors directly regulate mitochondrial genes, the coordination of these factors into a program responsive to the environment is not understood. We show here that PGC-1, a cold-inducible coactivator of nuclear receptors, stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration in muscle cells through an induction of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP-2) and through regulation of the nuclear respiratory factors (NRFs). PGC-1 stimulates a powerful induction of NRF-1 and NRF-2 gene expression; in addition, PGC-1 binds to and coactivates the transcriptional function of NRF-1 on the promoter for mitochondrial transcription factor A (mtTFA), a direct regulator of mitochondrial DNA replication/transcription. These data elucidate a pathway that directly links external physiological stimuli to the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and function.
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              Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha mediates the adaptive response to fasting.

              Prolonged deprivation of food induces dramatic changes in mammalian metabolism, including the release of large amounts of fatty acids from the adipose tissue, followed by their oxidation in the liver. The nuclear receptor known as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) was found to play a role in regulating mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation, suggesting that PPARalpha may be involved in the transcriptional response to fasting. To investigate this possibility, PPARalpha-null mice were subjected to a high fat diet or to fasting, and their responses were compared with those of wild-type mice. PPARalpha-null mice chronically fed a high fat diet showed a massive accumulation of lipid in their livers. A similar phenotype was noted in PPARalpha-null mice fasted for 24 hours, who also displayed severe hypoglycemia, hypoketonemia, hypothermia, and elevated plasma free fatty acid levels, indicating a dramatic inhibition of fatty acid uptake and oxidation. It is shown that to accommodate the increased requirement for hepatic fatty acid oxidation, PPARalpha mRNA is induced during fasting in wild-type mice. The data indicate that PPARalpha plays a pivotal role in the management of energy stores during fasting. By modulating gene expression, PPARalpha stimulates hepatic fatty acid oxidation to supply substrates that can be metabolized by other tissues.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                The FASEB Journal
                FASEB j.
                Wiley
                0892-6638
                1530-6860
                January 19 2001
                March 2001
                March 2001
                March 2001
                : 15
                : 3
                : 833-845
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of CardiologyUniversity of Texas Houston Medical CenterHoustonTexas77030USA
                [2 ]Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Texas Houston Medical CenterHoustonTexas77030USA
                [3 ]Division of Organ TransplantationUniversity of Texas Houston Medical CenterHoustonTexas77030USA
                Article
                10.1096/fj.00-0351com
                11259402
                f61c4ca5-8559-4d87-91d8-f4a968f494f1
                © 2001

                http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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