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      Analysis of potentially inappropriate medications prescribed to older patients in a hospital setting Translated title: Análisis de medicamentos potencialmente inapropiados recetados a personas mayores pacientes en un entorno hospitalario

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          Abstract

          SUMMARY Introduction: An ever increasing number of elderly live with multiple chronic diseases and take several drugs concomitantly. The elderly are subjected to a variety of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic alterations that change the responsiveness of drugs, which makes them potentially inappropriate to use in older people. The aim of this study is to quantitatively assess the prescription pattern of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) in different inward clinical services of University Hospital Center of Cova da Beira, Covilhã, Portugal. Methods: We searched the hospital's computerized system database for every patient admitted in previously selected clinical services, from January 1st to June 30th 2018. Patients less than 65 years old were excluded. Data regarding the patients' hospital ID number, their age, prescribed drugs during admission, prescribed dose, frequency, medications' start date and their respective end date were anonymously collected. The patients' medications prescribed during the admission period were assessed, and the PIMs were identified according to Beers Criteria 2015. Results: The benzodiazepines were the most frequently prescribed potentially inappropriate therapeutic drug class in the four clinical services studied, accounting for 29.97% in Medicine 2, 39.96% in Cardiology, 30.21% in Medicine 1 and 41.10% in Pneumology of the total of prescribed PIMs. The antipsychotics were the next most prescribed potentially inappropriate therapeutic drug classes. Intestinal motility modifiers, namely metoclopramide, also had a significant expression. Conclusions: Reconciliation tools such as the Beers Criteria are useful to identify inappropriate prescribing during the pharmaceutical validation of prescription. Further studies will provide more insight into the impact of the pharmacist's intervention.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: Un número cada vez mayor de ancianos vive con múltiples enfermedades crónicas y toma varios medicamentos concomitantementes. Los ancianos presentan una variedad de alteraciones farmacodinámicas y farmacocinéticas que alteran la respuesta de los fármacos, lo que los hace potencialmente inapropiados para su uso en estos pacientes. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar cuantitativamente el patrón de prescripción de medicamentos potencialmente inapropiados (PIMs) en diferentes servicios clínicos de hospitalización en el Centro Hospitalario Universitario de Cova da Beira, Covilha, Portugal. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación en la base de datos del sistema informático del hospital para todos los pacientes internados en servicios clínicos previamente seleccionados, del 1 de enero al 30 de junio de 2018. Se excluyeron a los pacientes menores de 65 años. Los datos referentes al número del proceso clínico del paciente, edad, medicamentos prescritos en el momento de la admisión en el hospital, dosis prescrita, frecuencia, fecha de inicio de los medicamentos y sus respectivas fechas finales fueron recolectados anónimamente. Se evaluaron los medicamentos prescritos de los pacientes durante el período de internamiento, y los PIMs se identificaron de acuerdo con los criterios de Beers de 2015. Resultados: Las benzodiazepinas fueron la clase terapéutica medicamentosa potencialmente inapropiada prescrita con mayor frecuencia en los cuatro servicios clínicos estudiados, siendo el 29,97% en la Medicina 2, el 39,96% en la Cardiología, el 30,21% en la Medicina 1 y el 41,10% en la Neumología del total de PIMs prescritos. Los antipsicóticos fueron la segunda clase más prescrita de PIMs. Los modificadores de la motilidad intestinal, en particular la metoclopramida, también tuvieron una expresión significativa. Conclusiones: Las herramientas de reconciliación, como los criterios de Beers, son útiles para identificar prescripciones inadecuadas durante la validación farmacéutica de la prescripción. Otros estudios proporcionarán más información sobre el impacto de la intervención del farmacéutico.

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          What is polypharmacy? A systematic review of definitions

          Background Multimorbidity and the associated use of multiple medicines (polypharmacy), is common in the older population. Despite this, there is no consensus definition for polypharmacy. A systematic review was conducted to identify and summarise polypharmacy definitions in existing literature. Methods The reporting of this systematic review conforms to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE and Cochrane were systematically searched, as well as grey literature, to identify articles which defined the term polypharmacy (without any limits on the types of definitions) and were in English, published between 1st January 2000 and 30th May 2016. Definitions were categorised as i. numerical only (using the number of medications to define polypharmacy), ii. numerical with an associated duration of therapy or healthcare setting (such as during hospital stay) or iii. Descriptive (using a brief description to define polypharmacy). Results A total of 1156 articles were identified and 110 articles met the inclusion criteria. Articles not only defined polypharmacy but associated terms such as minor and major polypharmacy. As a result, a total of 138 definitions of polypharmacy and associated terms were obtained. There were 111 numerical only definitions (80.4% of all definitions), 15 numerical definitions which incorporated a duration of therapy or healthcare setting (10.9%) and 12 descriptive definitions (8.7%). The most commonly reported definition of polypharmacy was the numerical definition of five or more medications daily (n = 51, 46.4% of articles), with definitions ranging from two or more to 11 or more medicines. Only 6.4% of articles classified the distinction between appropriate and inappropriate polypharmacy, using descriptive definitions to make this distinction. Conclusions Polypharmacy definitions were variable. Numerical definitions of polypharmacy did not account for specific comorbidities present and make it difficult to assess safety and appropriateness of therapy in the clinical setting.
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            Reducing inappropriate polypharmacy: the process of deprescribing.

            Inappropriate polypharmacy, especially in older people, imposes a substantial burden of adverse drug events, ill health, disability, hospitalization, and even death. The single most important predictor of inappropriate prescribing and risk of adverse drug events in older patients is the number of prescribed drugs. Deprescribing is the process of tapering or stopping drugs, aimed at minimizing polypharmacy and improving patient outcomes. Evidence of efficacy for deprescribing is emerging from randomized trials and observational studies. A deprescribing protocol is proposed comprising 5 steps: (1) ascertain all drugs the patient is currently taking and the reasons for each one; (2) consider overall risk of drug-induced harm in individual patients in determining the required intensity of deprescribing intervention; (3) assess each drug in regard to its current or future benefit potential compared with current or future harm or burden potential; (4) prioritize drugs for discontinuation that have the lowest benefit-harm ratio and lowest likelihood of adverse withdrawal reactions or disease rebound syndromes; and (5) implement a discontinuation regimen and monitor patients closely for improvement in outcomes or onset of adverse effects. Whereas patient and prescriber barriers to deprescribing exist, resources and strategies are available that facilitate deliberate yet judicious deprescribing and deserve wider application.
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              American Geriatrics Society 2015 Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults.

              (2015)
              The 2015 American Geriatrics Society (AGS) Beers Criteria are presented. Like the 2012 AGS Beers Criteria, they include lists of potentially inappropriate medications to be avoided in older adults. New to the criteria are lists of select drugs that should be avoided or have their dose adjusted based on the individual's kidney function and select drug-drug interactions documented to be associated with harms in older adults. The specific aim was to have a 13-member interdisciplinary panel of experts in geriatric care and pharmacotherapy update the 2012 AGS Beers Criteria using a modified Delphi method to systematically review and grade the evidence and reach a consensus on each existing and new criterion. The process followed an evidence-based approach using Institute of Medicine standards. The 2015 AGS Beers Criteria are applicable to all older adults with the exclusion of those in palliative and hospice care. Careful application of the criteria by health professionals, consumers, payors, and health systems should lead to closer monitoring of drug use in older adults.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ofil
                Revista de la OFIL
                Rev. OFIL·ILAPHAR
                Organización de Farmacéuticos Ibero-Latinoamericanos (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1131-9429
                1699-714X
                2020
                : 30
                : 3
                : 212-218
                Affiliations
                [2] Covilhã orgnameUniversity of Beira Interior orgdiv1Faculty of Health Sciences Portugal
                [1] Covilhã orgnameUniversity Hospital Centre of Cova da Beira Portugal
                Article
                S1699-714X2020000300212 S1699-714X(20)03000300212
                10.4321/s1699-714x2020000300011
                f64b22a4-c415-4b21-bfca-c8bb611a6b77

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 22 May 2019
                : 05 June 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 27, Pages: 7
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                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Originals

                farmacéutico clínico,ancianos,reconciliación medicamentosa,polifarmacia,hospital,Potentially inappropriate medications,older people,clinical pharmacist,Medicamentos potencialmente inapropiados,polypharmacy,medication reconciliation

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