Molecular characterization of  Cryptosporidium  spp. and  Giardia duodenalis  in children in Egypt

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Abstract

Background

The transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis into humans varies according to species/genotypes of the pathogens. Although infections with both parasites are recorded in Egypt, few data are available on the distribution of Cryptosporidium species and G. duodenalis genotypes. The present study assessed the occurrence and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis in Egyptian children.

Methods

In the present study, 585 fecal specimens were collected from children eight years old and younger in three provinces (El-Dakahlia, El-Gharbia and Damietta) during March 2015 to April 2016. PCR-RFLP analysis of the small subunit rRNA gene and sequence analysis of the 60 kDa glycoprotein gene were used to detect and subtype Cryptosporidium spp., respectively, whereas PCR and sequence analyses of the triose phosphate isomerase, glutamate dehydrogenase and β-giardin genes were used to detect and genotype Giardia duodenalis.

Results

The overall infection rates of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis were 1.4% and 11.3%, respectively. The Cryptosporidium species identified included C. hominis and C. parvum, each with three subtype families. The C. hominis subtypes were IbA6G3 ( n = 2), IdA17 ( n = 1), IdA24 ( n = 1) and IfA14G1R5 ( n = 1), while C. parvum subtypes were IIdA20G1 ( n = 1), IIaA15G2R1 ( n = 1), and IIcA5G3a ( n = 1). The G. duodenalis identified included both assemblages A ( n = 31) and B ( n = 34). All G. duodenalis assemblage A belonged to the anthroponotic sub-assemblage AII, while a high genetic heterogeneity was seen within assemblage B.

Conclusions

Data from this study are useful in our understanding of the genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis in Egypt and the potential importance of anthroponotic transmission in the epidemiology of both pathogens.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2981-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Most cited references 32

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Zoonotic potential and molecular epidemiology of Giardia species and giardiasis.

Yaoyu Feng, Lihua Xiao (2011)

Molecular diagnostic tools have been used recently in assessing the taxonomy, zoonotic potential, and transmission of Giardia species and giardiasis in humans and animals. The results of these studies have firmly established giardiasis as a zoonotic disease, although host adaptation at the genotype and subtype levels has reduced the likelihood of zoonotic transmission. These studies have also identified variations in the distribution of Giardia duodenalis genotypes among geographic areas and between domestic and wild ruminants and differences in clinical manifestations and outbreak potentials of assemblages A and B. Nevertheless, our efforts in characterizing the molecular epidemiology of giardiasis and the roles of various animals in the transmission of human giardiasis are compromised by the lack of case-control and longitudinal cohort studies and the sampling and testing of humans and animals living in the same community, the frequent occurrence of infections with mixed genotypes and subtypes, and the apparent heterozygosity at some genetic loci for some G. duodenalis genotypes. With the increased usage of multilocus genotyping tools, the development of next-generation subtyping tools, the integration of molecular analysis in epidemiological studies, and an improved understanding of the population genetics of G. duodenalis in humans and animals, we should soon have a better appreciation of the molecular epidemiology of giardiasis, the disease burden of zoonotic transmission, the taxonomy status and virulences of various G. duodenalis genotypes, and the ecology of environmental contamination.

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A review of the global burden, novel diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine targets for cryptosporidium.

William Checkley, A. White, Devan Jaganath … (2015)

Cryptosporidium spp are well recognised as causes of diarrhoeal disease during waterborne epidemics and in immunocompromised hosts. Studies have also drawn attention to an underestimated global burden and suggest major gaps in optimum diagnosis, treatment, and immunisation. Cryptosporidiosis is increasingly identified as an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Studies in low-resource settings and high-income countries have confirmed the importance of cryptosporidium as a cause of diarrhoea and childhood malnutrition. Diagnostic tests for cryptosporidium infection are suboptimum, necessitating specialised tests that are often insensitive. Antigen-detection and PCR improve sensitivity, and multiplexed antigen detection and molecular assays are underused. Therapy has some effect in healthy hosts and no proven efficacy in patients with AIDS. Use of cryptosporidium genomes has helped to identify promising therapeutic targets, and drugs are in development, but methods to assess the efficacy in vitro and in animals are not well standardised. Partial immunity after exposure suggests the potential for successful vaccines, and several are in development; however, surrogates of protection are not well defined. Improved methods for propagation and genetic manipulation of the organism would be significant advances. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Zoonotic potential of Giardia.

Una Ryan, Simone M. Cacciò (2013)

Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia lamblia and Giardia intestinalis) is a common intestinal parasite of humans and mammals worldwide. Assessing the zoonotic transmission of the infection requires molecular characterization as there is considerable genetic variation within G. duodenalis. To date eight major genetic groups (assemblages) have been identified, two of which (A and B) are found in both humans and animals, whereas the remaining six (C to H) are host-specific and do not infect humans. Sequence-based surveys of single loci have identified a number of genetic variants (genotypes) within assemblages A and B in animal species, some of which may have zoonotic potential. Multi-locus typing data, however, has shown that in most cases, animals do not share identical multi-locus types with humans. Furthermore, interpretation of genotyping data is complicated by the presence of multiple alleles that generate "double peaks" in sequencing files from PCR products, and by the potential exchange of genetic material among isolates, which may account for the non-concordance in the assignment of isolates to specific assemblages. Therefore, a better understanding of the genetics of this parasite is required to allow the design of more sensitive and variable subtyping tools, that in turn may help unravel the complex epidemiology of this infection. Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Doaa Naguib: doaanaguib246@yahoo.com

Adel H. El-Gohary: adelelgohary@yahoo.com

Dawn Roellig: iyd4@cdc.gov

Amro A. Mohamed: kombanymeras@yahoo.com

Nagah Arafat: nagaharafat@yahoo.com

Yuanfei Wang: kta4@cdc.gov

Yaoyu Feng: yyfeng@scau.edu.cn

Lihua Xiao: lxiao1961@gmail.com

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Parasit Vectors

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Parasit Vectors

Title: Parasites & Vectors

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1756-3305

Publication date (Electronic): 11 July 2018

Publication date PMC-release: 11 July 2018

Publication date Collection: 2018

Volume: 11

Electronic Location Identifier: 403

Affiliations

[1 ]ISNI 0000000103426662, GRID grid.10251.37, Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, , Mansoura University, ; Mansoura, 35516 Egypt

[2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2163 0069, GRID grid.416738.f, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ; Atlanta, GA 30329 USA

[3 ]ISNI 0000000103426662, GRID grid.10251.37, Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, , Mansoura University, ; Mansoura, 35516 Egypt

[4 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9546 5767, GRID grid.20561.30, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, , South China Agricultural University, ; Guangzhou, 510642 China

Article

Publisher ID: 2981

DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2981-7

PMC ID: 6042380

PubMed ID: 29996903

SO-VID: f6646100-328c-4fa5-a96a-f2177c1c411c

License:

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

History

Date received : 9 March 2018

Date accepted : 27 June 2018

Funding

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002385, Ministry of Higher Education;

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000030, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;

Custom metadata

ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology

Keywords: cryptosporidium,giardia duodenalis,children,egypt,epidemiology,subtypes

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology

Keywords: cryptosporidium, giardia duodenalis, children, egypt, epidemiology, subtypes

Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in children in Egypt

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Ticks and tick-borne pathogens

Most cited references 32

Zoonotic potential and molecular epidemiology of Giardia species and giardiasis.

A review of the global burden, novel diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine targets for cryptosporidium.

Zoonotic potential of Giardia.

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