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      Complete Genome Sequence of the Probiotic Enterococcus faecalis Symbioflor 1 Clone DSM 16431

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          Abstract

          Here, we report the complete and annotated genome sequence of the probiotic Enterococcus faecalis Symbioflor 1 clone DSM 16431, included in a commercial probiotic product used for more than 50 years without any reports of infection. This sequence will provide new insights into the biology of this nonpathogenic and probiotic microorganism.

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          Role of mobile DNA in the evolution of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis.

          I. T. Paulsen, Jonathan Eisen (2003)
          The complete genome sequence of Enterococcus faecalis V583, a vancomycin-resistant clinical isolate, revealed that more than a quarter of the genome consists of probable mobile or foreign DNA. One of the predicted mobile elements is a previously unknown vanB vancomycin-resistance conjugative transposon. Three plasmids were identified, including two pheromone-sensing conjugative plasmids, one encoding a previously undescribed pheromone inhibitor. The apparent propensity for the incorporation of mobile elements probably contributed to the rapid acquisition and dissemination of drug resistance in the enterococci.
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            Virulence of enterococci.

            B Jett, M. Huycke, Joshua Gilmore (1994)
            Enterococci are commensal organisms well suited to survival in intestinal and vaginal tracts and the oral cavity. However, as for most bacteria described as causing human disease, enterococci also possess properties that can be ascribed roles in pathogenesis. The natural ability of enterococci to readily acquire, accumulate, and share extrachromosomal elements encoding virulence traits or antibiotic resistance genes lends advantages to their survival under unusual environmental stresses and in part explains their increasing importance as nosocomial pathogens. This review discusses the current understanding of enterococcal virulence relating to (i) adherence to host tissues, (ii) invasion and abscess formation, (iii) factors potentially relevant to modulation of host inflammatory responses, and (iv) potentially toxic secreted products. Aggregation substance, surface carbohydrates, or fibronectin-binding moieties may facilitate adherence to host tissues. Enterococcus faecalis appears to have the capacity to translocate across intact intestinal mucosa in models of antibiotic-induced superinfection. Extracellular toxins such as cytolysin can induce tissue damage as shown in an endophthalmitis model, increase mortality in combination with aggregation substance in an endocarditis model, and cause systemic toxicity in a murine peritonitis model. Finally, lipoteichoic acid, superoxide production, or pheromones and corresponding peptide inhibitors each may modulate local inflammatory reactions.
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              Comparative genomic analysis for the presence of potential enterococcal virulence factors in the probiotic Enterococcus faecalis strain Symbioflor 1.

              Kurt Zimmermann, André Billion, Torsten Hain … (2007)
              Enterococci are members of the natural microbiota of animal and human intestinal tracts and are capable of causing opportunistic infections. They are also used as starter cultures in the food industry as well as in health supplements and probiotics by the pharmaceutical industry. This Janus-faced status requires a careful evaluation on the basis of pathogenic traits to ensure the safety of the strain used to produce food and pharmaceuticals. We performed gapped-genome sequencing of a probiotic strain Enterococcus faecalis Symbioflor 1 and present initial results deriving from comparative genome analysis with that of the previously sequenced pathogenic clinical isolate E. faecalis V583. There was strong overall conservation of synteny between both strains and a detailed analysis revealed the absence of large genomic regions from the chromosome of the probiotic strain, indicating gene loss. Genes absent from the Symbioflor 1 strain included those encoding the enterococcal cytolysin, enterococcal surface protein, and gelatinase (coccolysin) as well as hyaluronidase and the peptide antibiotic AS-48. This data was confirmed using PCR primers specific for the respective genes. However, other enterococcal determinants such as aggregation substance, collagen adhesion protein, the ability to resist oxygen anions as well as capsule formation were detected. The presence of these traits may be advantageous for the strain Symbioflor 1 since they potentially enable colonization and proliferation of the bacterium on mucosal surfaces thereby conferring on it probiotic traits.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Genome Announc
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Genome Announc
                Journal ID (hwp): ga
                Journal ID (pmc): ga
                Journal ID (publisher-id): GA
                Title: Genome Announcements
                Publisher: American Society for Microbiology (1752 N St., N.W., Washington, DC )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2169-8287
                Publication date Collection: Jan-Feb 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 7 February 2013
                Volume: 1
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: e00165-12
                Affiliations
                [a ]Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Centre of Infection Research, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
                [b ]SymbioGruppe GmbH & Co KG, Herborn, Germany
                [c ]Institute for Bioinformatics, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
                Author notes
                Address correspondence to Eugen Domann, eugen.domann@ 123456mikrobio.med.uni-giessen.de .
                Article
                Publisher ID: genomeA00165-12
                DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00165-12
                PMC ID: 3569346
                SO-VID: f66e67f9-6a95-442d-aa6d-8a6d3f3e1b2e
                Copyright © Copyright © 2013 Fritzenwanker et al.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license.

                History
                Date received : 30 November 2012
                Date accepted : 5 December 2012
                Page count
                Pages: 2
                Categories
                Subject: Prokaryotes
                Custom metadata
                cover-date January/February 2013
                access-type free

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics

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