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      Dark Signals in the Choroidal Vasculature on Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography: An Artefact or Not?

      review-article
      Author(s): 1 , 2 , * , 3
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Journal of Ophthalmology
      Publisher: Hindawi

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          Abstract

          Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) based on mathematical processing of sequentially acquired structural OCT images has been applied widely in both retinal and choroidal research and may have advantages over traditional angiography. Images obtained by OCTA are rendered under the assumption that the only moving entity in the retina is blood flow. Optical phenomena and image processing algorithms may create imaging artefacts. Therefore, OCTA images require careful interpretation. This review discusses the dark signals seen in the choroidal vasculature on OCTA using multiple factor analysis. For accurate and comprehensive interpretation of the choroidal vasculature, we recommend simultaneous consideration of the laser light penetration depth and masking effect of retinal pigment epithelium, the orientation of vessels in relation to the scanning lasers and blood flow, the range of regional detectable velocity of blood flow, atrophic tissues in the periphery, and absorption of superior vessels on the scanning laser.

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          Split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography with optical coherence tomography

          Yali Jia, Ou Tan, Jason Tokayer … (2012)
          Amplitude decorrelation measurement is sensitive to transverse flow and immune to phase noise in comparison to Doppler and other phase-based approaches. However, the high axial resolution of OCT makes it very sensitive to the pulsatile bulk motion noise in the axial direction. To overcome this limitation, we developed split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography (SSADA) to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of flow detection. The full OCT spectrum was split into several narrower bands. Inter-B-scan decorrelation was computed using the spectral bands separately and then averaged. The SSADA algorithm was tested on in vivo images of the human macula and optic nerve head. It significantly improved both SNR for flow detection and connectivity of microvascular network when compared to other amplitude-decorrelation algorithms.
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            Morphometric analysis of Bruch's membrane, the choriocapillaris, and the choroid in aging.

            R S Ramrattan, T L van der Schaft, C Mooy … (1994)
            To quantify changes in choriocapillary density and in thickness of Bruch's membrane, the choriocapillaris, and the choroid in 95 unpaired, histologically normal human maculae aged 6 to 100 years and in 25 maculae with advanced age-related macular degeneration. Light microscopic, computer-aided, morphometric quantitative analysis. In ten decades, Bruch's membrane thickness increased by 135%, from 2.0 to 4.7 microns; the choriocapillary density decreased by 45%; the diameter of the choriocapillaris decreased by 34%, from 9.8 to 6.5 microns; and the choroidal thickness decreased by 57%, from 193.5 to 84 microns in normal maculae. In maculae with basal laminar deposit, geographic atrophy, or disciform scarring, the density of the choriocapillaris was 63%, 54%, and 43% of normal and the choriocapillary diameter was 81%, 73%, and 75% of normal, respectively. Choroidal thickness remained unchanged. Thickness of Bruch's membrane was only related to age (rs = 0.63) and not to age-related atrophy of the choriocapillaris. Age was also the strongest factor related to choriocapillary density (rs = -0.58). In advanced stages of age-related macular degeneration, the decrease in choriocapillary density and diameter was significantly larger than in normal maculae, but the thickness of the choroid and Bruch's membrane was the same. The latter was significantly thinner (81% of normal) in disciform scarring.
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              Optical coherence tomography: imaging of the choroid and beyond.

              Sarah Mrejen, Richard Spaide (2016)
              Seventy percent of the blood flow to the eye goes to the choroid, a structure that is vitally important to the function of the retina. The in vivo structure of the choroid in health and disease is incompletely visualized with traditional imaging modalities, including indocyanine green angiography, ultrasonography, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). Use of new OCT modalities, including enhanced depth imaging OCT, image averaging, and swept-source OCT, have led to increased visualization of the choroidal anatomy. The correlation of these new anatomical findings with other imaging modalities results increases understanding of many eye diseases and recognises of new ones. The status of the choroid appears to be a crucial determinant in the pathogenesis of diseases such as age-related choroidal atrophy, myopic chorioretinal atrophy, central serous chorioretinopathy, chorioretinal inflammatory diseases, and tumors. Extension of these imaging techniques has provided insights into abnormalities of the sclera and optic nerve. Future developments will include blood flow information, 3D rendering of various ocular structures, and the ability to evaluate changes in 3D structural information over time (4D imaging). Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Ophthalmol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Ophthalmol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JOPH
                Title: Journal of Ophthalmology
                Publisher: Hindawi
                ISSN (Print): 2090-004X
                ISSN (Electronic): 2090-0058
                Publication date (Print): 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 April 2017
                Volume: 2017
                Electronic Location Identifier: 5498125
                Affiliations
                1Department of Ophthalmology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
                2Ophthalmic Clinical Research and Follow-up Center, The Fourth People's Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang, China
                3Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth People's Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang, China
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Emanuele Trucco

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7966-9713
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2017/5498125
                PMC ID: 5457756
                PubMed ID: 28607772
                SO-VID: f6882be2-1b73-4337-a4be-8b2ce46fb69c
                Copyright © Copyright © 2017 Rui Hua and Hailin Wang.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 1 February 2017
                Date accepted : 6 March 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ophthalmology & Optometry
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ophthalmology & Optometry

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