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      Intestinal and neuronal myenteric adaptations in the small intestine induced by a high-fat diet in mice

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          Abstract

          Background

          The prevalence of obesity has increased at alarming rates, particularly because of the increased consumption of high-fat diets (HFDs). The influence of HFDs on intrinsic innervation and the intestinal wall has not been fully characterized. The aim of this study was to investigate the morpho-quantitative aspects of myenteric neurons and the wall of the small intestine in mice fed a HFD.

          Methods

          Swiss mice were fed a HFD (59% kcal from fat) or standard chow (9% Kcal from fat) for 8 weeks. Segments of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were subjected to histological processing for morpho-quantitative examination of the intestinal wall and mucosal cells, and immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate myenteric neurons. The data for each segment were compared between the groups using an unpaired Student’s t-test or an equivalent nonparametric test.

          Results

          The HFD increased body weight and visceral fat and decreased the length of the small intestine and the circumference of the ileum. In the duodenum, the HFD increased the density of the nitrergic subpopulation and decreased the area of nitrergic neurons and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) varicosities. In the jejunum, the density of the nitrergic subpopulation was increased and the neuronal areas of the general population, nitrergic subpopulation and (VIP) varicosities were reduced. In the ileum, the density of the general population and nitrergic subpopulation were increased and the neuronal areas of the general population, nitrergic subpopulation and (VIP) varicosities were reduced. The morphometric parameters of the villi, crypts, muscular layer and total wall generally increased in the duodenum and jejunum and decreased in the ileum. In the duodenum and jejunum, the HFD promoted a decreased in the proportion of intraepithelial lymphocytes. In the ileum, the proportion of intraepithelial lymphocytes and goblet cells reduced, and the enteroendocrine cells increased.

          Conclusions

          The high-fat diet induces changes in the myenteric innervation of the small intestine, intestinal wall and mucosal cells responsible for the secretion of hormones and maintenance of the protective intestinal barrier. The morpho-quantitative data provide a basis for further studies to clarify the influence of HFD in the motility, digestive and absorptive capacity, and intestinal barrier.

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          Most cited references44

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          High-fat diet-induced obesity in animal models.

          Epidemiological studies have shown a positive relationship between dietary fat intake and obesity. Since rats and mice show a similar relationship, they are considered an appropriate model for studying dietary obesity. The present paper describes the history of using high-fat diets to induce obesity in animals, aims to clarify the consequences of changing the amount and type of dietary fats on weight gain, body composition and adipose tissue cellularity, and explores the contribution of genetics and sex, as well as the biochemical basis and the roles of hormones such as leptin, insulin and ghrelin in animal models of dietary obesity. The major factors that contribute to dietary obesity - hyperphagia, energy density and post-ingestive effects of the dietary fat - are discussed. Other factors that affect dietary obesity including feeding rhythmicity, social factors and stress are highlighted. Finally, we comment on the reversibility of high-fat diet-induced obesity.
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            Microbial modulation of innate defense: goblet cells and the intestinal mucus layer.

            The gastrointestinal epithelium is covered by a protective mucus gel composed predominantly of mucin glycoproteins that are synthesized and secreted by goblet cells. Changes in goblet cell functions and in the chemical composition of intestinal mucus are detected in response to a broad range of luminal insults, including alterations of the normal microbiota. However, the regulatory networks that mediate goblet cell responses to intestinal insults are poorly defined. The present review summarizes the results of developmental, gnotobiotic, and in vitro studies that showed alterations in mucin gene expression, mucus composition, or mucus secretion in response to intestinal microbes or host-derived inflammatory mediators. The dynamic nature of the mucus layer is shown. Available data indicate that intestinal microbes may affect goblet cell dynamics and the mucus layer directly via the local release of bioactive factors or indirectly via activation of host immune cells. A precise definition of the regulatory networks that interface with goblet cells may have broad biomedical applications because mucus alterations appear to characterize most diseases of mucosal tissues.
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              Factors influencing the structure and function of the small intestine in the weaned pig: a review

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                angelica.soares@gmail.com
                evandroberaldi@gmail.com
                pb_ferreira@hotmail.com
                rbbazotte@uem.br
                ncbuttow@uem.br
                Journal
                BMC Gastroenterol
                BMC Gastroenterol
                BMC Gastroenterology
                BioMed Central (London )
                1471-230X
                22 January 2015
                22 January 2015
                2015
                : 15
                : 1
                : 3
                Affiliations
                [ ]Center of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of the West of Paraná, R. Universitária, 1619, Cascavel, PR CEP 85819-110 Brazil
                [ ]Department of Morphological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, PR CEP 87020-900 Brazil
                [ ]Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, PR CEP 87020-900 Brazil
                Article
                228
                10.1186/s12876-015-0228-z
                4316644
                25609418
                f6951253-ef38-4b2b-959c-489628c34f5e
                © Soares et al.; licensee BioMed Central. 2015

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 18 June 2014
                : 5 January 2015
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2015

                Gastroenterology & Hepatology
                intestinal wall,myenteric plexus,myosin-v,neuronal nitric oxide synthase,vasoactive intestinal peptide,enteroendocrine cells,goblet cells,intraepithelial lymphocytes

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