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      Compatible bacterial mixture, tolerant to desiccation, improves maize plant growth

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          Abstract

          Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) increase plant growth and crop productivity. The inoculation of plants with a bacterial mixture (consortium) apparently provides greater benefits to plant growth than inoculation with a single bacterial strain. In the present work, a bacterial consortium was formulated containing four compatible and desiccation-tolerant strains with potential as PGPR. The formulation had one moderately ( Pseudomonas putida KT2440) and three highly desiccation-tolerant ( Sphingomonas sp. OF178, Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 and Acinetobacter sp. EMM02) strains. The four bacterial strains were able to adhere to seeds and colonize the rhizosphere of plants when applied in both mono-inoculation and multi-inoculation treatments, showing that they can also coexist without antagonistic effects in association with plants. The effects of the bacterial consortium on the growth of blue maize were evaluated. Seeds inoculated with either individual bacterial strains or the bacterial consortium were subjected to two experimental conditions before sowing: normal hydration or desiccation. In general, inoculation with the bacterial consortium increased the shoot and root dry weight, plant height and plant diameter compared to the non-inoculated control or mono-inoculation treatments. The bacterial consortium formulated in this work had greater benefits for blue maize plants even when the inoculated seeds underwent desiccation stress before germination, making this formulation attractive for future field applications.

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          16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study.

          D J R Lane, D A Pelletier, S M Barns … (1991)
          A set of oligonucleotide primers capable of initiating enzymatic amplification (polymerase chain reaction) on a phylogenetically and taxonomically wide range of bacteria is described along with methods for their use and examples. One pair of primers is capable of amplifying nearly full-length 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) from many bacterial genera; the additional primers are useful for various exceptional sequences. Methods for purification of amplified material, direct sequencing, cloning, sequencing, and transcription are outlined. An obligate intracellular parasite of bovine erythrocytes, Anaplasma marginale, is used as an example; its 16S rDNA was amplified, cloned, sequenced, and phylogenetically placed. Anaplasmas are related to the genera Rickettsia and Ehrlichia. In addition, 16S rDNAs from several species were readily amplified from material found in lyophilized ampoules from the American Type Culture Collection. By use of this method, the phylogenetic study of extremely fastidious or highly pathogenic bacterial species can be carried out without the need to culture them. In theory, any gene segment for which polymerase chain reaction primer design is possible can be derived from a readily obtainable lyophilized bacterial culture.
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            Desiccation tolerance of prokaryotes.

            Brad Potts (1994)
            The removal of cell-bound water through air drying and the addition of water to air-dried cells are forces that have played a pivotal role in the evolution of the prokaryotes. In bacterial cells that have been subjected to air drying, the evaporation of free cytoplasmic water (Vf) can be instantaneous, and an equilibrium between cell-bound water (Vb) and the environmental water (vapor) potential (psi wv) may be achieved rapidly. In the air-dried state some bacteria survive only for seconds whereas others can tolerate desiccation for thousands, perhaps millions, of years. The desiccated (anhydrobiotic) cell is characterized by its singular lack of water--with contents as low as 0.02 g of H2O g (dry weight)-1. At these levels the monolayer coverage by water of macromolecules, including DNA and proteins, is disturbed. As a consequence the mechanisms that confer desiccation tolerance upon air-dried bacteria are markedly different from those, such as the mechanism of preferential exclusion of compatible solutes, that preserve the integrity of salt-, osmotically, and freeze-thaw-stressed cells. Desiccation tolerance reflects a complex array of interactions at the structural, physiological, and molecular levels. Many of the mechanisms remain cryptic, but it is clear that they involve interactions, such as those between proteins and co-solvents, that derive from the unique properties of the water molecule. A water replacement hypothesis accounts for how the nonreducing disaccharides trehalose and sucrose preserve the integrity of membranes and proteins. Nevertheless, we have virtually no insight into the state of the cytoplasm of an air-dried cell. There is no evidence for any obvious adaptations of proteins that can counter the effects of air drying or for the occurrence of any proteins that provide a direct and a tangible contribution to cell stability. Among the prokaryotes that can exist as anhydrobiotic cells, the cyanobacteria have a marked capacity to do so. One form, Nostoc commune, encompasses a number of the features that appear to be critical to the withstanding of a long-term water deficit, including the elaboration of a conspicuous extracellular glycan, synthesis of abundant UV-absorbing pigments, and maintenance of protein stability and structural integrity. There are indications of a growing technology for air-dried cells and enzymes. Paradoxically, desiccation tolerance of bacteria has virtually been ignored for the past quarter century. The present review considers what is known, and what is not known, about desiccation, a phenomenon that impinges upon every facet of the distributions and activities of prokaryotic cells.
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              Plant host and soil origin influence fungal and bacterial assemblages in the roots of woody plants.

              Gregory Bonito, Hannah T. Reynolds, Michael S. Robeson … (2014)
              Microbial communities in plant roots provide critical links between above- and belowground processes in terrestrial ecosystems. Variation in root communities has been attributed to plant host effects and microbial host preferences, as well as to factors pertaining to soil conditions, microbial biogeography and the presence of viable microbial propagules. To address hypotheses regarding the influence of plant host and soil biogeography on root fungal and bacterial communities, we designed a trap-plant bioassay experiment. Replicate Populus, Quercus and Pinus plants were grown in three soils originating from alternate field sites. Fungal and bacterial community profiles in the root of each replicate were assessed through multiplex 454 amplicon sequencing of four loci (i.e., 16S, SSU, ITS, LSU rDNA). Soil origin had a larger effect on fungal community composition than did host species, but the opposite was true for bacterial communities. Populus hosted the highest diversity of rhizospheric fungi and bacteria. Root communities on Quercus and Pinus were more similar to each other than to Populus. Overall, fungal root symbionts appear to be more constrained by dispersal and biogeography than by host availability.
              Article 0 comments Cited 120 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Dalia Molina-Romero: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Antonino Baez: Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Verónica Quintero-Hernández: Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Miguel Castañeda-Lucio: Role: MethodologyRole: Supervision
                Luis Ernesto Fuentes-Ramírez: Role: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Supervision
                María del Rocío Bustillos-Cristales: Role: MethodologyRole: Validation
                Osvaldo Rodríguez-Andrade: Role: MethodologyRole: Validation
                Yolanda Elizabeth Morales-García: Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Supervision
                Antonio Munive: Role: InvestigationRole: Resources
                Jesús Muñoz-Rojas:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1151-9778
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Seon-Woo Lee: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 8 November 2017
                Publication date Collection: 2017
                Volume: 12
                Issue: 11
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0187913
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular Microbiana (LEMM), Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas (CICM), Instituto de Ciencias (IC), Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Edificio IC11, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia Jardines de San Manuel, Puebla, Puebla, México
                [2 ] Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, BUAP, Edificio 112-A, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia Jardines de San Manuel, Puebla, Puebla, México
                [3 ] CONACYT, LEMM, CICM, IC-BUAP, Edificio IC11, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia Jardines de San Manuel, Puebla, Puebla, México
                [4 ] Genética Molecular Microbiana, CICM, IC-BUAP, Edificio IC11, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia Jardines de San Manuel, Puebla, Puebla, México
                Dong-A University, REPUBLIC OF KOREA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1151-9778
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-17-23810
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187913
                PMC ID: 5678714
                PubMed ID: 29117218
                SO-VID: f69ca5db-7f4d-48c1-b38c-a52713224105
                Copyright © © 2017 Molina-Romero et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 22 June 2017
                Date accepted : 27 October 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 3, Pages: 21
                Funding
                Funded by: PRODEP 2015-2016
                Award ID: CA-262;CA-244
                Award Recipient :
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1151-9778
                Funded by: Ciencia Básica CONACYT
                Award ID: CB2010-156576-Z
                Award Recipient :
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1151-9778
                Funded by: DITCo2016
                Award ID: 3
                Award Recipient :
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1151-9778
                Funded by: DITCo2016
                Award ID: 4
                Award Recipient :
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1151-9778
                Funded by: VIEP-BUAP-2016
                Award ID: 00450, 00513, 00476, 00510
                Award Recipient :
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1151-9778
                The work was supported by the following: Apoyo Redes PRODEP 2015-2016 (CA-262 and CA-244); Ciencia Básica CONACYT CB2010-156576-Z; DITCo2016-3, DITCo2016-4; and VIEP-BUAP-2016 (00450, 00513, 00476, 00510). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Sociology
                Subject: Consortia
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Bacteria
                Subject: Pseudomonas
                Subject: Pseudomonas Putida
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Experimental Organism Systems
                Subject: Model Organisms
                Subject: Maize
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Model Organisms
                Subject: Maize
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Eukaryota
                Subject: Plants
                Subject: Grasses
                Subject: Maize
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Experimental Organism Systems
                Subject: Plant and Algal Models
                Subject: Maize
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Plant Science
                Subject: Plant Anatomy
                Subject: Seeds
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Bacteria
                Subject: Sphingomonas
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Bacteria
                Subject: Acinetobacter
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Medical Microbiology
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Bacterial Pathogens
                Subject: Acinetobacter
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Subject: Pathogens
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Bacterial Pathogens
                Subject: Acinetobacter
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Developmental Biology
                Subject: Plant Growth and Development
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Plant Science
                Subject: Plant Growth and Development
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Bacteria
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability Some relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. The GenBank accession number for the sequence of the gene encoding for 16sRNA of Acinetobacter sp. EMM02 is KU686485.

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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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